Question 2 – Medicine paper Sunday, 02 December 2018 Question 2 – Medicine paper Choose one and describe the key features of the care that was available to patients in English hospitals during that period. The late Middle Ages The late 19th century, after the work of Florence Nightingale. (6) Always make sure that you underline the key parts of the question. This will help you make sure that you are focusing on the question. Remember – you need to describe the key features – an explanation is not needed. Note that this question has the fewest marks on the paper and you should spend no longer than 10 minutes answering it.

KEY FEATURES OF CARE IN ENGLISH HOSPITALS IN LATE MIDDLE AGES The majority of people who needed medical attention in the Middle Ages were cared for by a female family member. Treatment went on in the home and was usually based around herbal remedies. For those who did not have anyone to care for them, hospitals were the only other option. Hospitals in 1350 They were run by monks and nuns who believed that God might have sent the illness in the first place. Therefore medical care was mainly focused on praying for the souls of the patients. There were no medical professionals to look after the ill, so hospitals did not admit infectious or incurable patients. They were almost exclusively run as care homes for the elderly.

KEY FEATURES OF CARE IN ENGLISH HOSPITALS IN LATE MIDDLE AGES Hospitals Between 1350 and 1750 The dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII in the middle of this time period (1500s) had a huge impact on the way hospitals were run because the monasteries had provided hospital care. Instead, local people, charities and town councils paid for hospitals to be opened. By 1750 there had been no major changes.

KEY FEATURES OF CARE IN ENGLISH HOSPITALS IN LATE 19TH CENTURY Doctors were required to study medicine at university – they became more professional, better able to treat disease. New technology improved hospital care – stethoscope, more powerful microscopes, clinical thermometers, blood pressure devices. Hospitals were cleaner due to an increased awareness of the link between dirt and disease promoted by Pasteur’s germ theory. Washing hands and boiling medical instruments became more common – new methods of sterilisation developed after Lister developed antiseptics. Nurses were better trained thanks to the work of Florence Nightingale which improved the standard of care in hospitals.

HOSPITAL CARE IN LATE MIDDLE AGES

HOSPITAL CARE IN LATE 19TH CENTURY HOSPITAL CARE IN LATE 19TH CENTURY – AFTER THE WORK OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE HOSPITAL CARE IN LATE 19TH CENTURY

Mark scheme Level 1 (1-3 marks) Generalised answer with little specific detail = Grades E/D/C Limited detail about the key features of care available to patients in English hospitals. “Monks and Nuns looked after the sick”./”Florence Nightingale cleaned up the hospitals”. Level 2 (3-6 marks) Relevant details are offered with links to key features = Grades B/A/A* Describes the key features of care that was available to patients in English hospitals during late Middle Ages/Late 19th Century. Note that this question has the fewest marks on the paper and you should spend no longer than 10 minutes answering it.