Photos from Kendall Hunt Publishing Chapter 4 Fingerprints Photos from Kendall Hunt Publishing Content from Chapter 4 in Forensic Science for High School Students and numerous other sources Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Bertillon Signalment In the late 1800’s Alphonse Bertillon’s method of identification became popular. With photos people could now be ID’d Method required many instruments and took much training to be accurate Inaccuracy was major issue Measurements: standing height, wing span, trunk sitting, head length & width, each ear, left foot, left middle finger, & left forearm EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints History William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry Francis Galton— published Finger Prints in 1892 after extensive research -identified anatomy -methods of recording -pattern types: loops, arches, and whorls -estimated 64 billion possibilities -theorized 3 principles EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy The Study of Fingerprints History Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint classification system based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries 1924-US consolidates Bureau of Investigation files with Leavenworth Prison files as FBI formed Today the FBI has the largest collection of prints in the world with 700,000,000 individuals EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints Chapter 4 Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. Chapter 4 1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. Minutiae-ridge characteristics -150 individual minutiae per finger -Most prints are partial - 8 to 12 are needed for match Ridge Counts - # of ridges between Delta and core -only in loop prints A balloon will help you see it EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Minutiae EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Fingerprint Minutiae EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 2. Fingerprints remain unchanged The dermal papillae develops as fetus, except growth, it never changes Impossible to obliterate, even scars would provide unique prints Primates have prints EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 3. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. LAW : Loops: 60% Ulnar Radial Arches: 6% Tented Plain Whorls: 34% Plain Central Pocket Double Loop Accidental EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Loop – Looks like a LAKE A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta. Types Radial—opens toward the thumb “Right On!” Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) “Under” Which type of loop is this, if it is on the right hand? Left hand? EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Arch Plain – Bike rider won’t blow out a tire Chapter 4 Arch An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Types Plain – Bike rider won’t blow out a tire Tented – spike in the road EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Whorl A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core. Types Plain Central pocket Double loop Accidental EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Plain Whorl Arrow through the delta – must cross at least one circle Chapter 4 Plain Whorl Arrow through the delta – must cross at least one circle Deltas are more symmetrical EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Central Pocket Loop Whorl Chapter 4 Central Pocket Loop Whorl 1 Circle, 2 Deltas and arrow does not cross a circle Delta is usually off balance EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Double Loop Whorl 2 loops inside 2 deltas Chapter 4 Double Loop Whorl 2 loops inside 2 deltas Looks like a wave or Yin/Yang EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Accidental Whorl 3 deltas or combination of tented & loop arch Chapter 4 Accidental Whorl 3 deltas or combination of tented & loop arch Basically a mess EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 LOOP WHORL ARCH EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Primary Classification Chapter 4 Primary Classification The Henry-FBI Classification System Each finger is given a point value. right left EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Primary Classification, continued Chapter 4 Primary Classification, continued Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 = right right right left left thumb middle little index ring + 1 That number is your primary classification number. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Latent Prints Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible. Most secretions come from three glands: Eccrine—secretes largely water, with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars) compounds. Most important for fingerprints. Apocrine—secretes pheromones and other organic materials. Sebaceous—secretes fatty or greasy substances. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Developing Latent Prints Chapter 4 Developing Latent Prints Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions, causing the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print. Powders—adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast with the background. Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow-brown color. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Developing Latent Prints, continued Chapter 4 Developing Latent Prints, continued Ninhydrin—reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color. Silver nitrate—reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material that turns gray when exposed to light. Cyanoacrylate—“superglue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit. In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in 1978. Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Iodine Fingerprint EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Ninhydrin Fingerprint Chapter 4 Ninhydrin Fingerprint EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints Chapter 4 Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Other Prints Lips—several common patterns Chapter 4 Other Prints Lips—several common patterns Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Other Prints, continued Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Other Prints, continued Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Other Prints, continued Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued Earprint catches murderer A man has been convicted of suffocating an eldery woman on the basis of earprint evidence. The assailant was caught after police matched the inprint of his ear on the victim’s window. Police believe that the thief put his ear to the window to listen for signs of anyone home. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Other Prints, continued Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued Teeth—bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Other Prints, continued Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

AFIS Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual Chapter 4 AFIS The Automated Fingerprint Identification System—a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law enforcement officials to: Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem: A person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not in others. IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Biometrics Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.) Used today in conjunction with AFIS. Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry. Other functions for biometrics: can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud. EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Developing Prints - basics Chapter 4 Developing Prints - basics A little powder goes a long way! Gentle! You can obliterate prints Applying powder is the “art” of the job – some swirl others up/down & side to side Lift best print first EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Rolling Finger Prints Media Sheet: How to Take Prints Chapter 4 Rolling Finger Prints Media Sheet: How to Take Prints Video goes quickly so pay attention Completed worksheet serves as your lab instruction guide EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Rolling Finger Prints Reminders: A little ink goes a long way Chapter 4 Rolling Finger Prints Reminders: A little ink goes a long way Nail edge to nail edge! Don’t change pressure or course Have person RELAX! Hands lower than inking surface EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Rolling Finger Prints EQ: How has technology changed the methods and techniques in fingerprinting Kendall/Hunt