Desired Bode plot shape Ess requirement Noise requirement dB gcd High low-freq-gain for steady state tracking Low high-freq-gain for noise attenuation Sufficient PM near gc for stability PM d Mid frequency

Desired Bode plot shape dB gc High low freq gain for steady state tracking Low high freq gain for noise attenuation Sufficient PM near gc for stability Low freq High freq Want high gain Want low gain Mid freq Want sufficient Phase margin Use low pass filters Use PI or lag control Use lead or PD control PM+Mp=70

C(s)G p (s) Controller design with Bode From specs: => desired Bode shape of G ol (s) Make Bode plot of G p (s) Add C(s) to change Bode shape Get closed loop system Run step response, or sinusoidal response

Mr and BW are widely used Closed-loop phase resp. rarely used

Important relationships Closed-loop BW are very close to n Open-loop gain cross over gc (0.65~0.8)* n, When <= 0.6, r and n are close When >= 0.7, no resonance determines phase margin and Mp: PM deg 100 Mp % PM+Mp 70

Mid frequency requirements gc is critically important –It is approximately equal to closed-loop BW –It is approximately equal to n Hence it determines tr, td directly PM at gc controls –Mp 70 – PM PM and gc together controls and d –Determines ts, tp Need gc at the right frequency, and need sufficient PM at gc

Low frequency requirements Low freq gain slope and/or phase determines system type Height of at low frequency determine error constants Kp, Kv, Ka Which in turn determine ess Need low frequency gain plot to have sufficient slope and sufficient height

High frequency requirements Noise is always present in any system Noise is rich in high frequency contents To have better noise immunity, high frequency gain of system must be low Need loop gain plot to have sufficient slope and sufficiently small value at high frequency

Overall Loop shaping strategy Determine mid freq requirements –Speed/bandwidth gc –Overshoot/resonance PM d Use PD or lead to achieve PM gc Use overall gain K to enforce gc PI or lag to improve steady state tracking –Use PI if type increase neede –Use lag if ess needs to be reduced Use low pass filter to reduce high freq gain

Proportional controller design Obtain open loop Bode plot Convert design specs into Bode plot req. Select K P based on requirements: –For improving ess: K P = K p,v,a,des / K p,v,a,act –For fixing Mp: select gcd to be the freq at which PM is sufficient, and K P = 1/|G(j gcd )| –For fixing speed: from td, tr, tp, or ts requirement, find out n, let gcd = (0.65~0.8)* n and K P = 1/|G(j gcd )|

clear all; n=[0 0 40]; d=[1 2 0]; figure(1); clf; margin(n,d); %proportional control design: figure(1); hold on; grid; V=axis; Mp = 10; %overshoot in percentage PMd = 70-Mp + 3; semilogx(V(1:2), [PMd-180 PMd-180],':r'); %get desired w_gc x=ginput(1); w_gcd = x(1); KP = 1/abs(evalfr(tf(n,d),j*w_gcd)); figure(2); margin(KP*n,d); figure(3); mystep(KP*n, d+KP*n);

PD Controller

20*log(KP) KP/KD Place gcd here Bad for noise

PD control design

n=[0 0 1]; d=[ ]; figure(1); clf; margin(n,d); Mp = 10/100; zeta = sqrt((log(Mp))^2/(pi^2+(log(Mp))^2)); PMd = zeta * ; tr = 0.3; w_n=1.8/tr; w_gcd = w_n; PM = angle(polyval(n,j*w_gcd)/polyval(d,j*w_gcd)); phi = PMd*pi/180-PM; Td = tan(phi)/w_gcd; KP = 1/abs(polyval(n,j*w_gcd)/polyval(d,j*w_gcd)); KP = KP/sqrt(1+Td^2*w_gcd^2); KD=KP*Td; ngc = conv(n, [KD KP]); figure(2); margin(ngc,d); figure(3); mystep(ngc, d+ngc); Could be a little less

PD control design Variation Restricted to using K P = 1 Meet M p requirement Find gc and PM Find PM d Let = PMd – PM + (a few degrees) Compute T D = tan( )/w gcd K P = 1; K D =K P T D

n=[0 0 5]; d=[ ]; figure(1); clf; margin(n,d); Mp = 10/100; zeta = sqrt((log(Mp))^2/(pi^2+(log(Mp))^2)); PMd = zeta * ; [GM,PM,wgc,wpc]=margin(n,d); phi = (PMd-PM)*pi/180; Td = tan(phi)/wgc; Kp=1; Kd=Kp*Td; ngc = conv(n, [Kd Kp]); figure(2); margin(ngc,d); figure(3); stepchar(ngc, d+ngc);

C(s)G(s) Example Want: maximum overshoot <= 10% rise time <= 0.3 sec Can use Lead or PD

n=[0 0 1]; d=[ ]; figure(1); clf; margin(n,d); Mp = 10; %overshoot in percentage PMd = 70 – Mp + 3; tr = 0.3; w_n=1.8/tr; w_gcd = w_n; PM = angle(polyval(n,j*w_gcd)/polyval(d,j*w_gcd)); phi = PMd*pi/180-PM; Td = tan(phi)/w_gcd; KP = 1/abs(polyval(n,j*w_gcd)/polyval(d,j*w_gcd)); KP = KP/sqrt(1+Td^2*w_gcd^2); KD=KP*Td; ngc = conv(n, [KD KP]); figure(2); margin(ngc,d); figure(3); mystep(ngc, d+ngc); Could be a little less

Less than spec

Variation Restricted to using K P = 1 Meet M p requirement Find gc and PM Find PM d Let = PMd – PM + (a few degrees) Compute T D = tan( )/w gcd K P = 1; K D =K P T D

KP=5; n=KP*[0 0 1]; d=[ ]; figure(1); clf; margin(n,d); figure(3); stepchar(n, d+n);

KP=5; n=KP*[0 0 1]; d=[ ]; figure(1); clf; margin(n,d); Mp = 10; PMd = 70 – Mp + 10; [GM,PM,wgc,wpc]=margin(n,d); phi = (PMd-PM)*pi/180; Td = tan(phi)/wgc; KP=1; KD=KP*Td; ngc = conv(n, [KD KP]); figure(2); margin(ngc,d); figure(3); stepchar(ngc, d+ngc);

KP=5; n=KP*[0 0 1]; d=[ ]; figure(1); clf; margin(n,d); Mp = 10; PMd = 70 – Mp + 18; [GM,PM,wgc,wpc]=margin(n,d); phi = (PMd-PM)*pi/180; Td = tan(phi)/wgc; KP=1; KD=KP*Td; ngc = conv(n, [KD KP]); figure(2); margin(ngc,d); figure(3); stepchar(ngc, d+ngc);

Lead Controller Design

z lead p lead 20log(Kz lead /p lead ) Goal: select z and p so that max phase lead is at desired wgc and max phase lead = PM defficiency!

Lead Design From specs => PM d and gcd From plant, draw Bode plot Find PM have = angle(G(j gcd ) PM = PM d - PM have + a few degrees Choose =p lead /z lead so that max = PM and it happens at gcd

Lead design example Plant transfer function is given by: n=[50000]; d=[ ]; Desired design specifications are: –Step response overshoot <= 16% –Closed-loop system BW>=20;

n=[50000]; d=[ ]; G=tf(n,d); figure(1); margin(G); Mp_d = 16/100; zeta_d =0.5; % or calculate from Mp_d PMd = 100*zeta_d + 3; BW_d=20; w_gcd = BW_d*0.7; Gwgc=evalfr(G, j*w_gcd); PM = pi+angle(Gwgc); phimax= PMd*pi/180-PM; alpha=(1+sin(phimax))/(1-sin(phimax)); zlead= w_gcd/sqrt(alpha); plead=w_gcd*sqrt(alpha); K=sqrt(alpha)/abs(Gwgc); ngc = conv(n, K*[1 zlead]); dgc = conv(d, [1 plead]); figure(1); hold on; margin(ngc,dgc); hold off; [ncl,dcl]=feedback(ngc,dgc,1,1); figure(2); step(ncl,dcl);

Before design After design

Closed-loop Bode plot by: Magnitude plot shifted up 3dB So, gc is BW margin(ncl*1.414,dcl);

Alternative use of lead Use Lead and Proportional together –To fix overshoot and ess –No speed requirement 1.Select K so that KG(s) meet ess req. 2.Find wgc and PM, also find PMd 3.Determine phi_max, and alpha 4.Place phi_max a little higher than wgc

Alternative lead design example Plant transfer function is given by: n=[50]; d=[1/50 1 0]; Desired design specifications are: –Step response overshoot <= 20% –Steady state tracking error for ramp input <= 1/200; –No speed requirements –No settling concern –No bandwidth requirement

n=[50]; d=[1/5 1 0]; figure(1); clf; margin(n,d); grid; hold on; Mp = 20/100; zeta = sqrt((log(Mp))^2/(pi^2+(log(Mp))^2)); PMd = zeta * ; ess2ramp= 1/200; Kvd=1/ess2ramp; Kva = n(end)/d(end-1); Kzp = Kvd/Kva; figure(2); margin(Kzp*n,d); grid; [GM,PM,wpc,wgc]=margin(Kzp*n,d); w_gcd=wgc; phimax = (PMd-PM)*pi/180; alpha=(1+sin(phimax))/(1-sin(phimax)); z=w_gcd/alpha^.25; %sqrt(alpha); %phimax located higher p=w_gcd*alpha^.75; %sqrt(alpha); %than wgc ngc = conv(n, alpha*Kzp*[1 z]); dgc = conv(d, [1 p]); figure(3); margin(tf(ngc,dgc)); grid; [ncl,dcl]=feedback(ngc,dgc,1,1); figure(4); step(ncl,dcl); grid; figure(5); margin(ncl*1.414,dcl); grid;

Lead design tuning example C(s)G(s) Design specifications: rise time <=2 sec overshoot <16%

4. Go back and take wgcd = 0.6*wn so that tr is not too small Desired tr < 2 sec We had tr = 1.14 in the previous 4 designs

n=[1]; d=[ ]; G=tf(n,d); Mp_d = 16; %in percentage PMd = 70 - Mp_d + 4; %use Mp + PM =70 tr_d = 2; wnd = 1.8/tr_d; w_gcd = 0.6*wnd; Gwgc=evalfr(G, j*w_gcd); PM = pi+angle(Gwgc); phimax= PMd*pi/180-PM; alpha=(1+sin(phimax))/(1-sin(phimax)); zlead= w_gcd/sqrt(alpha); plead=w_gcd*sqrt(alpha); K=sqrt(alpha)/abs(Gwgc); ngc = conv(n, K*[1 zlead]); dgc = conv(d, [1 plead]); [ncl,dcl]=feedback(ngc,dgc,1,1); stepchar(ncl,dcl); grid figure(2); margin(G); hold on; margin(ngc,dgc); hold off; grid

Lead design C(s)G(s) Design specifications: Keep tr, td, but reduce overshoot to <16%

Lag design C(s)G(s) Desired design specifications are: –Step response overshoot <= 20% –Steady state tracking error for ramp input <= 1/200;

Alternative lead design example Plant transfer function is given by: n=[50]; d=[1/50 1 0]; Desired design specifications are: –Step response overshoot <= 20% –Steady state tracking error for ramp input <= 1/200; –No speed requirements –No settling concern –No bandwidth requirement