WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918

The First World War: When? What? War involving nearly all the nations of the world When? 1914-1918 2 2

The First World War: Who? Central Powers: (Axis) Entente: (Allies) Germany(Kaiser Wilhelm) Austria-Hungary (Franz Ferdinand) Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Russia (Nicolas II Last Czar of Russia) France (Georges Clemenceau) Great Britain (Lloyd George) Italy Japan United States (1917) (Woodrow Wilson) 3 3

Causes of World War I MILITARISM – creation of large powerful militaries and stockpiling weapons ALLIANCE SYSTEM – nations pledge to protect and support each other IMPERIALISM – when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation (to gain $, power, respect) NATIONALISM – pride or love for one’s nation

The Spark of World War I Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

The Assassin- Gavrilo Princip - 1914 Member of the Black Hand (secret society) Lived in Serbia and hated that Austria-Hungary was trying to take over

THE ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE Shot Rings Throughout Europe

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia… Little do they know Allies are waiting in the wings (?) Propaganda like this was recruiting allied soldiers

WWI extremely difficult on Western Front due to trench warfare

No smiling and relaxed faces… No clean uniforms… Their equipment is scattered everywhere… Boredom and sleep are obvious…

The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats. These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

Trench Foot

No Man’s Land The area between trenches of opposing armies Covered with barbed wire, mines, and fallen soldiers

Movie Clip Legends of the Fall http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYWlhwmxg7g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j48GDZKZTUo&feature=fvwrel

Why was WWI so devastating Why was WWI so devastating? Introduction of new weapons never seen before.

Aircraft

Poisonous Gas This war was also the first to use chlorine and mustard gas. The German army was the first to use chlorine in 1915. French soldiers had not come across this before and assumed that it was a smoke screen. It has a distinctive smell – a mixture of pepper and pineapple – and they only realized they were being gassed when they started to have chest pains and a burning sensation in their throats! Death is painful – you suffocate!

British soldier wearing gas mask

The effects of mustard gas

German U-Boats

Death, Recovery of Bodies, & Burial

Mass Devastation

Germans go through Belgium to get to France ****Germans go through Belgium to get to France**** Stone bridge blown up by Belgians

Ruins of France

Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war? America was isolationist “Why should I get involved in someone else’s problems” 29 29

Is isolationism really an option for a country as powerful as the United States? 30 30

Which side should the US pick? Central Powers: Allies: 11 million German-Americans Irish-Americans hated Great Britain Close cultural ties Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories) Big business loaned much $ to allies US Exports to both sides: 31 31

What did it take to get the US involved? 1. Blockades Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships going to America Germany announced a submarine war around Britain Y-53 German Submarine 1916 32 32

What did it take to get the US involved? 2. Sinking of the Lusitania Lusitania torpedoed, sinking with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans) Was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition German Propaganda Justifying Lusitania sinking 33 33

What did it take to get the US involved? 3. Propaganda The US sharply criticized Germany for their action Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the future Note in Bottle After Lusitania Disaster 34 34

What did it take to get the US involved? 4. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare 1917 Germany announced “unrestricted submarine warfare” in the war zone 35 35

What did it take to get the US involved? 5. Zimmerman Note US intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico, It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back in return for an alliance 36 36

What did it take to get the US involved? Zimmerman Note + the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war 37 37

How was the war looking for the allies? Not Good... Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917 Made it a one front war for Germany - all its troops could concentrate on France 38 38

Convincing the American People Posters - Gee!! How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea? 39 39

What did the US do to help? Supplies: US provided the food, money, and fresh troops needed to win the war American Troops March Through London 41 41

Convincing the American People Idealism: 2 Goals For War: 1. War to End All Wars 2. Making the World Safe for Democracy 42 42

US Support of the War Consumption US Food Administration wanted Americans to reduce consumption of key food items Conservation-Liberty Gardens, “Liberty Cabbage” Meatless Mondays Wheatless Wednesday

Purchasing War Bonds

Joining the Military

Working

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Espionage Act 1918 It originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment. The constitutionality of the law, its relationship to free speech, and the meaning of the law's language have been contested in court ever since. obtaining or delivering information relating to "national defense" to a person who was not "entitled to have it" (Spying)

Sedition Act of 1918 Forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. Those convicted under the act generally received sentences of imprisonment for 5 to 20 years. Both acts resulted in more than a thousand convictions

Results of World War I Political Cost Human Cost Economic Cost Treaty of Versailles Making Peace

Human Cost 8.5 million died in battle 2xs that wounded 6-13 million civilians dead Over 20 million die of flu worldwide

Economic Costs Homes, farms, factories, roads, churches need to be rebuilt Rebuilding costs money that countries don’t have plus many have to pay off war debts So blame Germany and have them pay reparations to all TOTAL COSTS: Great Britain $55 billion, France $50 billion, Russia $25 billion, Germany $60 billion, Austria-Hungary $25 billion

Political Costs Govts collapsed in Russia, Germany, A-H, and Ottoman Empire Radicals try to rule and communism spreads Colonial troops returned home with cynical views of Europeans Imperial powers were no longer seen as invicible African and Asian colonies found hope for independence from European control

Paris Peace Conference and League of Nations Allies met @ Paris without Central Powers and Russia Great Britain, France, US, Italy – each with own demands and interests Issues concerned countries wanting own control, who to blame, keeping peace Wilson of USA has 14 Points and is willing to compromise in order to get the League of Nations for world security

Treaty of Versailles June 1919 Signed by “big 3” and Germany New countries formed like Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia…independence for Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia (Baltic Sea countries) Creation of the League of Nations (No USA) Punished Germany: Pay others $ = reparations Take all blame for the war Limit military Give back land taken No more colonies