Blood Pressure Control Simplified Version

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION
Advertisements

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY BLOOD PRESSURE AND ITS REGULATION
Regulation of Blood Flow and Pressure
Blood Pressure Control
Hormone Regulation of Urine Formation
Blood Flow. Due to the pressure difference of two vessel ends.
بـسـم الله الرحـمن الرحـيم. Cardiovascular Physiology Arterial Blood Pressure.
Blood Pressure Regulation 2
BLOOD CIRCULATION. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD VESSELS 5 main types Arteries – carry blood AWAY from the heart.
The Urinary System.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Chapter 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation. Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular regulation Exercise.
Blood Pressure The maintenance of blood pressure is dependent upon intrinsic (stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output) , reflex (baroreceptors and.
The Endocrine System and Hormonal Control
Autoregulation The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system is an important endocrine component of autoregulation. Renin is released by kidneys when.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin. Juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin. Renin acts on angiotensinogen.
Chapter 16.2: Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels. Resistance -Vascular Resistance: the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and blood.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Tests.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Outline: Regulation of arterial pressure There is a critical requirement to maintain sufficient blood pressure to perfuse the brain, heart & other vital.
Driving Force of Filtration n The filtration across membranes is driven by the net filtration pressure n The net filtration pressure = net hydrostatic.
Regulation of the cardiovascular activity
Circulatory System.
Figure 21-8 An Overview of Cardiovascular Physiology
Arterial Blood Pressure
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE TERMS SBP DBP PP MAP.
Regulation of peripheral circulation: introduction Ion channels, membrane potential & vascular tone. Intrinsic control of resistance vessels Metabolic.
University of Jordan 1 Cardiovascular system- L6 Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Blood Pressure Regulation 2
Regulation of Na +, K + and water Chapter 14 pages
Cardiovascular Physiology Qiang XIA (夏强), MD & PhD Department of Physiology Room C518, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel:
 Excretion Continued. Composition of Urine  The kidneys remove waste from the plasma and concentrate them in the urine  Ratio of the concentration.
Endocrine System (part 1) & General Adaptation Syndrome Keri Muma Bio 6.
Blood Vessels & Blood Pressure
Hormonal Control During Exercise. Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones Several endocrine glands in body; each may produce more than one hormone Hormones.
Cardiovascular Dynamics Part 2 Biology 260. Maintaining Blood Pressure Requires – Cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys – Supervision by.
(Renal Physiology 7) Renal Regulation of Body Fluid Ahmad Ahmeda Cell phone:
Cardiovascular Regulation Coleman Exercise Physiology McArdle, Katch, and Katch, 4 th ed.
Ch 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Overview
Regulation of Flow and Pressure
Endocrine System.
Endocrine Physiology.
Blood Pressure Regulation
Control of blood tissue blood flow
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Lungs Gastrointestinal tract Kidneys Blood plasma O2 CO2 Nutrients
Blood Pressure Regulation 2
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus …
URINARY SYSTEM: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Signalling molecules Label the diagrams using the following terms. You may wish to also (in brackets) write an example next to some of the terms that relates.
Endocrine System Chapter 10.
Cardiovascular system- L6
Renal Regulation of Body Fluid
Blood Pressure Regulation
Chapter 45: Endocrine System
Pressure and Resistance
Blood Pressure Regulation
Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D: Control of Blood Calcium
Hormones that affect short term and long term stress…
Regulation of Blood pressure Dr Farzana Salman.
Monday, 15 September Chapter 11 The Endocrine System
relies on release of chemical that bind to specific receptors
REGULATION OF BP 2/24/2019 Regulation of BP.
Kidney Functions and regulation
Glomerular Filtration and Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
Kidney.
Endocrine System Anatomy and Physiology
Blood Pressure Control
Presentation transcript:

Blood Pressure Control Simplified Version

Blood Pressure Control Widespread Control – Control all over the body A. Nervous System B. Hormones Local Control – Control of certain organs

MAP = CO x SVR CO = HR x SV SV = EDV – ESV (EDV concerned with blood volume and ESV concerned more with inotropic effect) SVR = ∑R₁ + R₂ + 1/R₃ + 1/R₄ ….. R = 8ŋL/∏r⁴ In order to live – the body compensates by increasing the actions of the organs not affected (homeostasis – negative feedback)

Nervous System Blood Pressure Control Cardiovascular Center Cardiac Center – Cardiac Acceleratory Center and Cardiac Inhibitory Center Vasomotor Center – Vasoconstrictor Center and Vasodilator Center

Cardiovascular center

Vasoconstrictor Vasodilator Center

Baroreceptors

Alpha receptors on Blood Vessels

Hormonal Control of Blood Pressure Renin – Angiotensin System Aldosterone ADH – Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) Epinephrine Atrial Natriurectic Polypeptide

Renin Angiotensin Angiotensinogen – is produced by the liver. We have a circulating concentration in the blood. A hormone type enzyme produced and secreted by the kidney (Renin) converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I (one). This substance does nothing. Endothelial cells in several locations, particularly the lungs produce and secrete Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. This enzyme converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.

Angiotensin II has several functions, some are: Act as a powerful vasoconstrictor Stimulate production of Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex Stimulate production of ADH from the posterior pituitary.

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal medulla Capsule Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Adrenal gland Cortex • Medulla • Cortex Zona reticularis Kidney Medulla Adrenal medulla (a) Drawing of the histology of the adrenal cortex and a portion of the adrenal medulla Figure 16.13a

Aldosterone Regulate electrolytes (primarily Na+ and K+) in ECF Importance of Na+: affects ECF volume, blood volume, blood pressure, levels of other ions Importance of K+: sets RMP of cells Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid Stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention by the kidneys

Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal Hypothalamus When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus. 1 Hypothalamic neuron cell bodies Superior hypophyseal artery Hypophyseal portal system Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal veins to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. 2 • Primary capillary plexus • Hypophyseal portal veins • Secondary capillary plexus Anterior lobe of pituitary Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the secondary capillary plexus. 3 TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL (b) Relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus Figure 16.5b

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Hypothalamic osmoreceptors respond to changes in the solute concentration of the blood Can be stimulated to be secreted due to Angiotensin II If solute concentration is high Osmoreceptors depolarize and transmit impulses to hypothalamic neurons ADH is synthesized and released, inhibiting urine formation

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Hypothalamic osmoreceptors respond to changes in the solute concentration of the blood If solute concentration is high Osmoreceptors depolarize and transmit impulses to hypothalamic neurons ADH is synthesized and released, inhibiting urine formation

Epinephrine Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) These hormones cause Blood glucose levels to rise Blood vessels to constrict The heart to beat faster Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle

Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart Norepinephrine influences peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure

FFF RR FFF – Fear, Fight & Flight RR – Rest and Recluse Receptors for NE are alpha and beta with subtypes. The receptors for Acetylcholine are nicotinic and muscarinic. On the heart there are Beta 1 receptors for NE and muscarinic for acetylcholine.

Atrial Natriurectic Polypeptide (ANP) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a polypeptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion. ANP is synthesized, secreted, and released by heart muscle cells (myocytes) in the atrial wall. These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume. ANP is one of a family of nine natriuretic hormones: seven are atrial in origin.

Intrinsic mechanisms Extrinsic mechanisms (autoregulation) controls • Maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) • Redistribute blood during exercise and thermoregulation • Distribute blood flow to individual organs and tissues as needed Amounts of: pH Sympathetic Nerves O2 a Receptors Metabolic controls Epinephrine, norepinephrine b Receptors Amounts of: CO2 K+ Angiotensin II Hormones Prostaglandins Adenosine Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Nitric oxide Endothelins Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Myogenic controls Stretch Dilates Constricts Figure 19.15

Local Control (Autoregulation) Paracrine/Autocrine Myogenic Tone Metabolites Major organs discussed using local control are: Brain, Heart, skin, lungs

Paracrine/Autocrine Paracrine and autocrine secretions are local secretions. Vasodilation – Endothelial Derived Relaxing Factor (Nitric Oxide), Prostaglandins, Kinins Histamine Vasoconstriction - Endothelin

Myogenic Controls Myogenic responses of vascular smooth muscle keep tissue perfusion constant despite most fluctuations in systemic pressure Passive stretch (increased intravascular pressure) promotes increased tone and vasoconstriction Reduced stretch promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the tissue

Metabolites H+, CO2, Adenosine, K+, O2