External Trade and Development Policy “Fortress Europe” or “Partner Europe”?

External Trade Policy and Development Policy: introduction Context of the External Trade Policy (and Development policy): European Union as an international player What are the most important elements? Origin, treaty basis, and decision-making Policy instruments: autonomous actions and trade agreements Position of the EU in WTO-negotiations Development Policy

Share of trading blocs in World Trade (Exports and Imports)

Origin, legal basis and decision-making “external” dimension of customs union Legal basis: art. 133 TEC (1st pillar) Changes in the “Constitution” Implementation of art.133 TEC: 2 main problems: The scope of EU competence in international trade policy Relation between Commission, Council, art 133 Committee: power game

The scope of EU competence in international trade policy making Extension trade agenda and constant legal basis Competence EU in trade in services, intellectual property rights, investment rules? Decision Court of Justice (1994): distinction between “exclusive” and “shared” competences

Commission-Council relation Community method of decision-making (1st pillar) Role of art 133 Committee Decision-making in 3 stages: Mandate, Negotiations, Adoption of Agreement Limited role of other institutions

Policy instruments Instruments of Commercial defense (e.g. anti-dumping measures): art. 133 TEC International Trade Agreements: legal basis: art .300 and 310 TEC Most important part of EU’s foreign trade policy: “partner” Europe vs. “fortress” Europe Importance of political and development-policy related objectives of these trade agreements

International Trade Agreements Europe-Agreements and Association Agreements EG+EFTA: European Economic Area Euro-med Agreements Free Trade Agreements (Mexico, Israel, South Africa, ASEAN) Transatlantic relation: no trade liberalisation agreement as such but very important trade relations

The EU and the Least Developing Countries (LDCs) The Generalized System of Preferences: - all developing countries (not only LDCs) - WTO-framework ACP-agreements (Lomé Conventions, Cotonou and Economic Partnership Agreements) Everything But Arms Initiative (2001)

Position of the EU in WTO-negotiations Multilateral trade liberalisation: a long and difficult road <-> need for “globalisation maîtrisée” The Uruguay-round (1983-1993): achievements and concessions for the EU Doha round (2001- never ending story?) Launched by the EU Difficult evolution: Doha-declaration (2001)- Cancun (2003)- Geneva (2004)

Development Policy of the EU Use of policy instruments external trade policy (ACP-agreements, GSP, etc.) Origin, Treaty Basis Complementary character: “national” policy Objectives, Principles of Action, Policy Instruments Actors (ECHO, DG Development, Europeaid, Other DGs, international cooperation)

Some conclusions Leading role of European Commission in trade liberalisation initiatives and reserves of the Member States The EU as an “economic” power: can it be translated into more “political” power? Development Policy: use of EU trade policy instruments, however still an overall national policy