Welcome to Micro- biology

Course Introduction Connect Microbiology Textbook – some special features: Case File / Inside the Clinic Figures End of chapter study summary and questions Connect Microbiology Lab exercises: In-house Lab Manual Research Project and Presentation

Complete this List of things to get off to a good start: Log on to Blackboard and enter the Micro 1 class site Review all menu links and all pages of syllabus carefully! Make sure Blackboard has your correct email address! Change through the Zone or Class-Web if necessary. Take Syllabus Quiz online in Bb by Tues 8- 23, 11:59 pm Due Aug 23 Fill out and turn in student info sheet Introduce yourself in Bb Discussion Board Get started on Mastering Micro: Complete Pre Ch 2 Learnsmart HW (Homework Points!) 20 start up pts.

“You do not really understand something unless you can explain it to your grandmother.” --Albert Einstein

Ch 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks Student Learning Outcomes List the various types of microbial agents that can colonize humans and differentiate (size / shape etc.) among them. Explain some ways humans manipulate organisms for their own uses. Summarize the relative burden of human disease caused by microbes. Review the development of microbiology from the 1600s to today. On your own: Review the four main families of biomolecules. Correctly write the binomial name for a microorganism. Explain the difference between traditional and molecular approaches to taxonomy.

Types of Microbes (Microorganisms / Microbial Agents) Bacteria: Ubiquitous! Archaea Protozoa Fungi Algae Viruses Helminths (= ______________) Prions Helminths (_____________________)Multicellular animal parasites Microbes are ubiquitous and are found: Deep in the earth’s crust Polar ice caps and oceans Inside the bodies of plants and animals Play central roles in the earth’s landscape Essential to life

Microbes and the Planet – most microbes help us by …… decomposing organic waste performing photosynthesis Producing fermented foods, such as ethanol, vinegar, cheese, bread, . . . producing insulin and many other drugs Cleaning up human-created contamination (________) . . . Microbes harm us by causing disease = Pathogens! and causing food spoilage Over 2,000 different microbes cause disease. 10 billion infections occur across the world every year. Infectious diseases are among the most common causes of death worldwide. Bioremediation! Only few microbes harm us. They do it by

“Cellular” Organization Eukaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea: 10 times smaller than eukaryotes Lack ______________ All are microorganisms Viruses: Not independently living cellular organisms Exist at the level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells Composed of a small amount of hereditary material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a membrane Inert outside the host Exist as a form of genetic material that confers a partial genetic program inside the host re microorganisms

Microbes in History First Observations Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth 1665: Cell theory – Robert Hooke Compare to Fig 1.2 1673: First microbes observed – Anton van Leeuwenhoek

The Debate over Spontaneous Generation Aristotles’s doctrine of spontaneous generation. Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life Biogenesis: Hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life

1668:Francesco Redi filled 6 jars with decaying meat the beginnings of experimental science filled 6 jars with decaying meat Conditions Results Three jars covered with fine net No maggots Three open jars Maggots appeared From where did the maggots come? What was the purpose of the sealed jars? Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air Conditions Results Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed Microbial growth? Yes or No? Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Confirmation of Biogenesis Pasteur’s S-shaped (swan-neck ) flask kept microbes out but let air in Compare to Figure 1.5 Figure 1.3

Pre-Pasteur: Drs. Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweis (1840s) – hand disinfection and puerperal fever What does “sterile” mean? Based on Pateur’s and Semmelweis’ findings: Joseph Lister (1860s) – the beginnings of aseptic technique (phenol)g

Germ Theory of Disease Proven by Robert Koch’s work on anthrax Procedures become Koch's postulates (Ch 11) Koch also developed pure culture technique Nobel Prize in 1905 Louis Pasteur: Invented pasteurization Conducted the first studies linking human disease to infection

Naming, Classifying, and Identifying Organisms Taxonomy: the science of classifying living things Classification: the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy Identification: the process of discovering and recording traits of organisms so they can be placed in a taxonomic scheme (See chs 2 & 15) Carl Linneus (1701 – 1778) introduced the binomial Nomenclature. Examples?

Scientific Names: Binomial Nomenclature Genus + specific epithet Italicized (or underlined) Genus capitalized. After 1st use, genus may be abbreviated! Used worldwide; “latinized” May be descriptive or honor a scientist. 1857 –1911 Staphylococcus aureus: Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies (aur-). E. coli: Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat–the large intestine or colon. S. aureus E. coli S. pneumoniae

Inside the…. The Vaccine Debate The End