Dual Role of Apoptosis-Associated Speck-Like Protein Containing a CARD (ASC) in Tumorigenesis of Human Melanoma Weimin Liu, Yuchun Luo, Jeffrey H. Dunn,

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Dual Role of Apoptosis-Associated Speck-Like Protein Containing a CARD (ASC) in Tumorigenesis of Human Melanoma Weimin Liu, Yuchun Luo, Jeffrey H. Dunn, David A. Norris, Charles A. Dinarello, Mayumi Fujita Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 133, Issue 2, Pages 518-527 (February 2013) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.317 Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Effects of Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase recruitment domain) (ASC) expression in melanoma cells. (a) Representative staining of human melanoma tumors with ASC. Bar=100μm. Arrows depict melanoma cells. (b) Western blot of ASC in human melanoma cell lines. β-Actin served as a loading control. (c) Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) of ASC after transfection with pCMV-GFP-V empty vector (pCMV-V) or pCMV-GFP-ASC vector (pCMV-ASC). Expression levels were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). (d) Western blot of cells transfected with pCMV-V or pCMV-ASC. Anti-ASC antibody detects both transfected (depicted as GFP-ASC) and endogenous ASC. β-Actin served as a loading control. (e) Cell viability in 1205Lu and HS294T transfected with pCMV-V or pCMV-ASC. (f) Cell viability in WM35 and WM115 after 48hours of transfection with pCMV-V or pCMV-ASC. Data represent mean±SE (n=3). ***P≤0.001 compared with transfection with pCMV-V. OD, optical density. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 518-527DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.317) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Effects of Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase recruitment domain) (ASC) short hairpin RNA (shRNA) on metastatic melanoma. (a) Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) (left panel) and western blot (right panel) of ASC in cells transduced with control or ASC shRNA. mRNA expression levels were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). β-Actin served as a loading control. (b) Cell viability in cells transduced with shRNA. (c) Cell cycle analysis in cells transduced with control and ASC shRNA. (d) Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining in cells transduced with control and ASC shRNA. (e) Effects of ASC knockdown in vivo. Nude mice injected with 1205Lu-control-shRNA or 1205Lu-ASC-shRNA cells (upper panel). Tumor growth curve (lower panel). (f) Representative tumor sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (upper panel), Ki-67 (middle panel), and CD31 (lower panel). Bar=100μm. Data represent mean±SE (n=3 except in e, and n=8 in e). **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. OD, optical density. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 518-527DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.317) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Effects of Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase recruitment domain) (ASC) short hairpin RNA (shRNA) on primary melanoma. (a) Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) (left panel) and western blot (right panel) of ASC in cells transduced with control or ASC shRNA. mRNA expression levels were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). β-Actin served as a loading control. (b) Cell viability in cells transduced with shRNA. (c) Cell cycle analysis in cells transduced with control and ASC shRNA. (d) Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining in cells transduced with control and ASC shRNA. (e) Effects of ASC knockdown in vivo. Nude mice injected with WM35-control-shRNA or WM35-ASC-shRNA cells (upper panel). Tumor growth curve (lower panel). (f) Representative tumor sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (upper panel), Ki-67 (middle panel), and CD31 (lower panel). Bar=100μm. Data represent mean±SE (n=3 except in e, and n=8 in e). **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. OD, optical density. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 518-527DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.317) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Inflammasome function in melanoma cells after Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase recruitment domain) (ASC) knockdown. (a) Intracellular and secreted IL-1β in 24hours in WM35, WM115, HS294T, and 1205Lu cells transduced with control (ctrl) or ASC short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Levels of intracellular IL-1β from WM35 and WM115 cells transduced with control or ASC shRNA are shown above the line. ND, not detected. (b) Western blot of caspase-1 in WM35, WM115, HS294T, and 1205Lu cells transduced with control or ASC shRNA. β-Actin served as a loading control. (c) Caspase-1 activity in WM35, WM115, HS294T, and 1205Lu cells transduced with control or ASC shRNA. Data represent mean±SE (n=3). **P<0.01 compared with cells transduced with control shRNA. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 518-527DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.317) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 The NF-κB pathway in melanoma cells after Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase recruitment domain) (ASC) knockdown. (a) NF-κB activity in melanoma cells transduced with control or ASC short hairpin RNA (shRNA). (b) Immunoprecipitation interaction of IκB kinase (IKK)α/β with ASC in cells transduced with control or ASC shRNA. Lysates were immunoprecipitated (IP) and immunoblotted (IB) with antibodies. (c) Western blot of ASC, IKKα/β, phosphor-IKKα/β, and IκBα in cells transduced with control or ASC shRNA. β-Actin served as a loading control. (d) Representative xenografted tumor sections stained with IκBα. Bar=100μm. (e, f) NF-κB activity in cells transduced with control or ASC shRNA treated with IL-1α (10ngml−1) or IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) (10μgml−1) for 24hours. Data represent mean±SE (n=3). **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 compared with cells transduced with control shRNA. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 518-527DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.317) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Hypothetical roles of Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD (caspase recruitment domain) (ASC) in melanoma tumor progression. Solid lines indicate constitutive/autonomous pathways. Dashed lines indicate signal-dependent pathways. Arrow thickness indicates the relative strength of signaling pathways. ASC inhibits phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKK)α/β and decreases NF-κB in primary melanoma cells. Synthesis of pro-IL-1β is thus low and IL-1β secretion is minimal despite autoactive inflammasome in primary melanoma cells. In metastatic melanoma, however, autoactive IL-1R signaling and other signaling pathways result in reduced inhibition of NF-κB from ASC in the presence of sustained autoactive inflammasome, leading to the spontaneous synthesis and secretion of IL-1β from melanoma cells. IL-1β secreted from melanoma cells further augments the autoinflammatory loop of metastatic melanoma cells to activate NF-κB. NLRP, NOD-like receptor family containing pyrin domain. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 518-527DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.317) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions