In your own words define the word “map”. Warm-up In your own words define the word “map”. What things should all maps include?

Introduction to Mapping

Maps A MAP is a flat representation of a 3 dimensional object.

Map Legend Map Scale Compass rose Title Date Every Map should have: Map Legend Map Scale Compass rose Title Date The Best Map Ever! July 4th, 1776

Reference Points a REFERENCE POINT is a fixed place on the Earth’s surface from which direction and location can be described For Earth these are usually the poles

Cardinal Directions The four major directions are known as CARDINAL DIRECTIONS North South East West

True North A compass is a tool that uses the natural magnetism of the Earth to show direction. A compass points to the Earth’s magnetic pole. True North: the direction to the geographic North Pole Magnetic declination: the difference between the magnetic north and the true north

Latitude Latitude lines are imaginary lines on the earth's surface. They run east and west around the globe and tell you your distance north or south of the Equator.

Degrees of Latitude Equator is 0o Poles are 90o N (north pole) 90oS (south pole) Divide by 60 into minutes or 35’ Divide minutes by 60 into seconds or 15’’

Longitude Longitude lines are imaginary lines on the earth's surface that run from pole to pole around the globe and tell you your distance east or west from the Prime Meridian.

Degrees of Longitude Range from 0o – 180o W Range from 0o – 180o E International dateline is 180° Distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian Not parallel, extend vertically from pole to pole. Distance between lines vary with location

Prime Meridian The meridian (line of longitude) at which the longitude is arbitrary defined to be zero. Set at an international conference in 1884 passing the line through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, United Kingdom.

Latitude and Longitude (36° N , 79°W) Coordinate format: (Latitude Direction, Longitude Direction)

A location’s coordinates (____° N or S, ____ ° E or W)

30’ is half-way between degrees Fractions of a Degree 1 degree = 60 minutes or 1 minute is 1/60th of a degree Use minutes if location is not directly on the latitude/longitude line Written ----- Degree/minute = XX° xx’ compass direction 30’ is half-way between degrees

Application N W E S North America is in the Northern Hemisphere because it is north of the Equator. North America is in the Western Hemisphere because it is west of the Prime Meridian. TEKS: Social Studies – 6.3 (B), Posing and answering questions about geographic distributions and patterns 6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly 7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

LONGITUDE AND TIME The world rotates (spins) 360° in 24 hours. 360° / 24 hours = 15° per hour The world has 24 time zones, each l5° apart. IN GENERAL, THERE IS A 1 HOUR TIME DIFFERENCE FOR EVERY 15° OF LONGITUDE

Greenwich, England is the logical starting point for time zones The world rotates west to east (counterclockwise), time zones to the east are ahead of the those time zones to the west

Time is forward to all places to the east WEST LESS ANOTHER CHEESY SAYING EAST INCREASE Time is forward to all places to the east WEST LESS Time is backward to all places to the west

East Increase – West Less (1 hr per l5°) If it 9 p.m. at Position D, what time is it at position C? B? If it is 1 p.m. at Position X, at which location is the time 5 p.m. ?

World Time Zones

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE 180° SEPARATES CALENDAR DAYS. America to Asia – gain a day Asia to America – lose a day If you took a cruise on a ship, circumventing, or traveling around the entire planet, you would experience firsthand a phenomena that would help you understand the importance of an international dateline. An explorer by the name of Ferdinand Magellan did just that in the year 1519. Magellan along with 241 men set out to travel around the entire Earth. These men kept very careful records as they traveled. Yet, when they returned, they found that their calendars were off by one day with the calendars of everyone in their home countries. What happened? How did these men loose an entire day? The day was not lost all at once. It was lost little by little, as the traveled around the Earth. If you stay in one place, a day lasts 24 hours. However, if you travel the opposite direction of the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly longer than 24 hours, because you are traveling ahead of the setting sun. If you travel with the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly shorter than 24 hours, because you are traveling into the sunset. At any one moment there are actually two days on the Earth at the same time. A new day begins at mid-night on the International Dateline. It travels around the Earth, until 48 hours later it ends back at the International dateline. If you were to travel across the International Dateline, the date would change either forward, or backward. This line actually lies in the middle of a time zone. This means that the hour on the clock would not change, as you crossed over, just the date.

Mapping Technology Remote Sensing is a technique for collecting information without having to be there. Examples: Satellites, Red-light cameras

Invented in the 1970’s by the military Global Positioning System (GPS) Invented in the 1970’s by the military Uses radio signals sent to Earth to find exact locations Units are sold today that fit into the palm of your hand

Practice

Find these countries. Latitude is always given first: (you have a map in your time tracker) 39° N, 116° E 52° N, 13° E 30° N, 31° E 33° S, 18° E 28° N, 106° W 51° N, 0° 5’ W 21° N, 39° E 48° N, 2° E 35° N, 139° E 24° S, 151° E 34° N, 118° W 29° N, 95° W 1 Beijing, China 39 55 N 116 25 E 2 Berlin, Germany 52 30 N 13 25 E 3 Cairo, Egypt 30 2 N 31 21 E 4 Cape Town, South Africa 33 55 S 18 22 E 5 Chihuahua, Mexico 28 37 N 106 5 W 6 London, England 51 32 N 0 5 W 7 Mecca, Saudi Arabia 21 29 N 39 45 E 8 Paris, France 48 48 N 2 20 E 9 Tokyo, Japan 35 40 N 139 45 E 10 Sydney, Australia 34 0 S 151 0 E 11 Los Angeles, Calif. 34 3 118 15 12 Houston, Tex. 29 45 95 21

Find these cities. Latitude is always given first: 39° 56’ N, 116° 17’ E – Beijing, China 52° 30’ N, 13° 25’ E – Berlin, Germany 30° 2’ N 31° 21’ E – Cairo, Egypt 33° 55’ S 18° 22’ E – Cape Town, South Africa 28° 37’ N 106° 5’ W – Chihuahua, Mexico 51° 32’ N 0° 5’ W – London, England 21° 29’ N 39° 45’ E – Mecca, Saudi Arabia 48° 48’ N 2° 20’ E – Paris, France 35° N 139° E – Tokyo, Japan 24° S 151° E – Sydney, Australia 34° N 118° W – Los Angeles, California 29° N 95° W – Houston, Texas 1 Beijing, China 39 55 N 116 25 E 2 Berlin, Germany 52 30 N 13 25 E 3 Cairo, Egypt 30 2 N 31 21 E 4 Cape Town, South Africa 33 55 S 18 22 E 5 Chihuahua, Mexico 28 37 N 106 5 W 6 London, England 51 32 N 0 5 W 7 Mecca, Saudi Arabia 21 29 N 39 45 E 8 Paris, France 48 48 N 2 20 E 9 Tokyo, Japan 35 40 N 139 45 E 10 Sydney, Australia 34 0 S 151 0 E 11 Los Angeles, Calif. 34 3 118 15 12 Houston, Tex. 29 45 95 21