Consecutive Transaltion

What is an interpreter? Interpretation: the generic term for oral translation. And it is used to describe the product of the conference interpreter’s activity. (Jones, 2005) Interpretation is used as a means of immediate oral communication when language is considered to be a barrier between the original speaker and the audience

Types of Interpretation At Sight: It is a combination of translation and interpretation as the interpreter is rendering a written text into a verbal form.

Simultaneous Interpretation Here the interpreter listens to the beginning of the speaker’s comments then begins interpreting while the speech continues, carrying out throughout the speech, to finish almost at the same time as the original. (Jones, 2005)

Consecutive Interpretation It is the spoken rendering of a speech or speech fragment immediately after it has been pronounced. The listener listens to the totality of a speaker’s comments, or at least a significant passage, and then reconstitutes the speech with the help of notes taken while listening; the interpreter thus speaking consecutively to the original speaker.

Bilateral Interpretation Bilateral Interpretation is undertaken by two parties. The interpreter interprets the ongoing interactions and the quick responses.

Whispered interpreting : One participant speaks and simultaneously an interpreter whispers into the ear of the one or maximum two people who require interpreting services. (Jones, 2005) Relay: the use of one interpretation as a source for others. It is used in situations where a meeting is multilingual and not all the interpreters understand all of the languages. The interpreter providing the source for other interpreters is called the ‘relay’, as is the interpretation itself. Relay can be used in consecutive and in simultaneous. (Jones, 2005)

Interpreters’ Skills Interpreters’ skills: They must have sufficient linguistic knowledge. They must be aware of cultural differences. (English & American man) Cultural differences can manifest themselves both explicitly and implicitly. Explicitly means speaker references to political or economic, social, academic institution or system or concepts that have no direct equivalence in the target language. Implicitly: the means used by the speakers to express their idea

The Basic Principles of a Consecutive Interpreter’s Work 3 Stages

Re-expressing 03 Analyzing 02 Understanding 01

Understanding For example, imagine a delegate says: I don't think that the advisory committee is the appropriate forum for discussion of this point. What is important is that the groundwork be done in the technical working parties, in order to prepare the basis for a decision in the executive committee.

Analyzing Polemical Rhetorical Descriptive Narrative The first question the interpreter should ask himself/herself is what kind of speech I am dealing with. Knowing the type of speech will influence both the fine tuning of their listening and the style and the content of their interpretation. Polemical Rhetorical Descriptive Narrative Logical Argument

Analyzing 1 2 3 Identification of main ideas Main ideas imply a hierarchy of relative importance of ideas. Generally one can say that delegates need answers to the three basic questions: 1 2 3 Who? Where? When?

Re-expressing Speech Re-expressing Understanding & Analyzing RE-EXPRESSION: After understanding and analyzing the speech, the interpreter expresses what she/he heard. Understanding & Analyzing Speech Interpreter Re-expressing

Challenges Technical difficulties • The interpreter whether he is interpreting consecutively or simultaneously is faced with several problems: Technical difficulties Working in different contexts Working with a vast range of subjects

Memory A conference interpreter listens to a speech and then reproduces it in a different language. This means that he/she must cultivate the use of short-term memory. The interpreters must order ideas in their brain to be able to recall them and reproduce them in a significant way. B A Learn Idea Creative Education C D

Mnemonic techniques Mnemonics are memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of information, especially in the form of lists like characteristics, steps, stages, parts, phases, etc. We knew back in 1967 from a study by Gerald R. Miller that mnemonics increased recall. He found that students who regularly used mnemonic devices increased test scores up to 77%! A Idea Learn Creative Education

Mnemonic techniques Image and Connection Mnemonics Name Mnemonics: ROY Colors(Red, Orange, Yellow) Expression or Word Mnemonic: FANBOYS Model Mnemonics http://www.freepik.com/index.php?goto=74&idfoto=712839 Image and Connection Mnemonics

Recalling Techniques visualizing the content of a speech, creating images in one's mind. concentrating on ideas, not on single words. Connecting the main ideas to a series of numbers. It is an effective technique concentrating on the main ideas and on the links between these ideas, trying to reproduce the structure of the speech as a kind of skeleton. Idea Learn Creative Education

Enhancing Short-Term Memory Exercise 1: Shadowing Shadowing involves repeating what a speaker says, word for word, in the same language. It generally involves staying a word or two behind the speaker as one repeats what has been said.  Memory For example: Speaker: The suspect was handcuffed and placed in the police car. Interpreter: [Lag] The suspect [Lag] was handcuffed [Lag] and placed in the police car.

Exercise 2: Shadowing with a Twist It involves repeating exactly what a speaker says in the same language. However, in shadowing with a twist, this repetition is done after a short pause following the speaker’s utterance, which makes the shadowing more like consecutive interpreting. This adjustment to conventional shadowing eliminates the difficulties related to listening and speaking at the same time and allows the interpreter to focus specifically on memory. Memory For example: Speaker: The suspect [Pause] was handcuffed [Pause] and placed in the police car. Interpreter: [Lag] The suspect [Lag] was handcuffed [Lag] and placed in the police car.

Exercise 3: Freer Shadowing with a Twist For example: This exercise should be done once the interpreter has practiced shadowing with a twist and can repeat longer utterances without a problem. This is where the interpreter should test not only acoustic memory (memory of sounds), but also his or her memory of meaning. In this exercise the interpreter does not just repeat blindly what has been said, but, where possible, says the same thing using other words. For example: Speaker: The suspect was handcuffed [Pause] and placed in the police car. Interpreter: [Lag] The suspect was put in handcuffs [Lag] and put in the police car.

Exercise 4: Attentive Listening for Key Elements Careful listening is an important element of memory recall. If you have not listened attentively to something, it is impossible to recall it later. Sample Text Attentive listening involves identifying the key points of an utterance. For example, you should be able to listen to a short narrative or descriptive text (about 100 words) and answer the key questions “Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?” 

Crucial Moments There are two crucial moments in any speech. These are the beginning and the end. The interpreter must concentrate hard on them and make sure he gets them right. Idea Learn Creative Education

Qualities of Excellent Interpreters Speaking up clearly. Making eye contact with audience. Not looking to their notes all the time. Must speak practically as soon as the speaker made it clear. The interpreter should transmit the speaker’s intonation and pauses. Interpreter should be accurate and faithful. The interpreter must keep in breast to improve his or her TL in order to cope with modern terminology and style. Idea Learn Creative Education D