April 19, 2011 What is the whole goal of a cell? Draw a picture of DNA. Label: sugar, phosphate, base, nucleotide, hydrogen bonds

April 20, 2011 What is included in one nucleotide? What are the bases of DNA? RNA?

DNA YOUTUBE CLIPS The Secret of Life 2 Watson and Crick DNA Extraction The Secret of Life - Discovery of DNA Structure The Secret of Life 2 Watson and Crick DNA Extraction

Central Dogma of Biology BIG IDEA DNA  RNA  Protein

Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription Overall: DNA is changed into mRNA (messenger RNA) Occurs in the nucleus Remember: DNA cannot leave nucleus b/c it’s too big!

Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription Steps Enzymes unwind and unzip DNA Must be able to access the nitrogen bases The order of nitrogen bases determines characteristics of organisms; this is where the genetic info is held!

Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription 2. mRNA “reads” DNA (enzyme helps bring in nucleotides and bond them together) Follows base pairing rules: EX DNA RNA C G A U T ***There are no T bases in RNA, use Uracil (U) instead DNA TAC AAC TTG GCG TAT TAA CGT mRNA AUG UUG CGC AUA AUU GCA

Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription 3. SINGLE STRAND mRNA exits nucleus with code; DNA zips and winds back to normal

Transcription = making RNA TRY ONE! Given DNA CODE ATG, CCG, TAC, AGA, GTC, TTC Make a complimentary mRNA Strand. UAC, GGC, AUG, UCU, CAG, AAG

Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation Overall: mRNA is changed into protein Occurs in the cytoplasm & ribosomes

Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation Steps 1. mRNA code is “read” every three bases represents a codon or a triplet each codon = 1 amino acid start codon is AUG; anything before the AUG sequence is junk. EXAMPLE mRNA: AACUAUGCAAUUAGCAU

Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation 2. tRNA brings in appropriate amino acid (transfer RNA) has an anticodon that follows the base pairing rules to match mRNA strand Ex. mRNA codon of AUG has a tRNA anticodon of UAC

Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation 3.translation will stop when it reaches a STOP codon (according to chart)

Without transcription or translation, our genetic information would be useless -- a recipe on a page with no way to bake the cake.

Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation From RNA to Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis

Language of Genetics Words in DNA/RNA are made up of 3 letters Ex) AUG, TUC, CCC, GGG, ATG DNA: A word is called a “code” mRNA: A word is called a “codon” tRNA: A word is called an “anti-codon” Opposite of codon

Examples DNA Code – TAC mRNA Codon – AUG tRNA Anti-Codon – UAC Amino Acid - Methionine DNA Code – GAC mRNA Codon – CUG tRNA Anti-Codon – GAC AA – Leucine

Complete the Process DNA CTTACGGGTTACGCATT mRNA – Break it down to 3’s (GA)AUG, CCC, AAU, GCG, UAA tRNA – (CU)UAC, GGG, UUA, CGC, AUU AA Chain – Use mRNA and code wheel! Methionine, Proline, Asparagine, Alanine, Stop

Summary DNA code is Transcribed to mRNA codon mRNA “start” codon (AUG) is Translated and tRNA anticodon attaches Amino Acids are strung together at Ribosome until “stop” codon is reached AA strings are Proteins