The Phrase Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Diagnostic - page 64, #1-20 Identify each italicized phrase in the following paragraphs as: a prepositional phrase a participial phrase a gerund phrase a infinitive phrase an appositive phrase

What is a phrase? A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech Does not contain both a verb and its subject Types of phrases: Prepositional Participial Gerund Infinitive Appositive A group of words with both a subject and verb is a clause

Prepositional Phrases Includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object Reminder - a preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word List on page 24 Examples: A koala is a marsupial, a mammal with an external abdominal pouch. To me a koala looks like a cuddly teddy bear. Koalas, along with several other marsupials, are native to Australia. Reminder: the object of the preposition may be compound Koalas feed on only eucalyptus buds and leaves.

Adjective Phrases A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun Tells what kind or which one Examples: We ordered a dish of salsa and a basket of tortilla chips. No one in the class has seen the movie yet. Two or more adjective phrases may modify the same noun/pronoun The picture of their candidates in today’s newspaper is not at all flattering. An adjective phrase may also modify the object of another prepositional phrase The coconut palms in the park near the bay were planted a long time ago. Exercise 1, page 66 - identify the adjective phrase and the word it modifies

Adverb Phrases A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb Examples: The mole burrowed under the lawn. Althea Gibson was graceful on the tennis court. The child speaks quite clearly for a two-year-old Adverb phrases tell when, where, why, how, or to what extent (how much, how long, how for) May come before or after the words they modify In the first inning she pitched with great control. Exercise 2, page 68-69 - identify the adverb phrase and the word/word group it modifies

Verbals and verbal phrases Verbals are formed from verbs and are used as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs Participle Gerund Infinitive Verbal phrase = verbal + modifiers + complements

The participle Verb form that can be used as an adjective Present participles End in -ing The smiling graduate posed for the photographer. (Smiling is a verb, but it describes graduate) Standing and applauding, the audience cheered the cast of the musical. Past participles End in -d or -ed For dinner we prepared grilled salmon, baked potatoes, and tossed salad. For years the treasure had remained hidden under tons of fallen rock. (hidden from hide and fallen from fall)

The participle Don’t confuse a participle used as an adjective with a verb The shrimp gumbo, simmering on the stove, smelled delicious. (adjective) The shrimp gumbo was simmering on the stove. (verb phrase) Participial phrases Participle + any modifiers + complements The entire phrase is used as an adjective Climbing the tree, the monkey disappeared into the branches. (modifies monkey) I heard him whispering to his friend. (modifies him) The concert scheduled for tomorrow at the park has been postponed. (modifies concert) When placed at the beginning of a sentence, the participial phrase is followed by a comma Exercise 4, page 72-73 - Identify the participial phrase and the word(s) it modifies Review B, page 73-74 - Identify the participial phrase and the word(s) it modifies

The Gerund A verb form that ends in -ing and is used as a noun Examples: Reading will improve your vocabulary. One popular summer sport is swimming. Both Dad and Mom enjoy cooking together. Before she decided to become a lawyer, she had given teaching thoughtful consideration. After studying, how do you relax?

The Gerund Phrase Gerund phrase = gerund + modifiers/complements Examples: The sudden shattering of glass broke the silence. One of my chores in the summer is mowing the lawn. She enjoys hiking in the mountains occasionally. A noun/pronoun directly before a gerund should be in the possessive case Eli’s dancing won him first prize in the contest.

Classwork - Gerunds Exercise 5, page 75 Identify the verbal and tell if it is a gerund (noun) or participle (adjective) If it is a gerund - tell if it is a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition If it is a participle - tell which word it modifies

The Infinitive A verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb Most infinitives begin with to to + verb Nouns: His dream is to travel. Betty wants to act. Adjectives: The candidate to believe is Villegas. She is the one to ask. Adverbs: Grandmother is coming to visit. The favored team was slow to score. Don’t confuse with prepositional phrases to + noun/pronoun

The Infinitive Phrase Consists of an infinitive + modifiers/complements Entire phrase can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb Examples: To hit a curveball solidly is very difficult. (noun) She wants to study marine biology. (noun) His efforts to trace his ancestry led to greater appreciation of his heritage. (adjective) I found his explanation difficult to accept. (adverb) Sometimes “to” is omitted Did you watch her [to] play volleyball? He will help us [to] paddle the canoe.

Classwork - Infinitives Exercise 7, page 78 Identify the infinitives and tell how each is used Subject, predicate nominative, direct object, adjective, or adverb Exercise 8, page 79 Identify the infinitive phrases and tell how each is used

Classwork - Review Page 80 - Review C Page 80-81 - Review D Identify the verbal phrases in the following paragraph Tell whether each is a participial phrase, gerund phrase, or infinitive phrase Participle = adjective Gerund = noun Infinitive = noun, adjective, or adverb Page 80-81 - Review D

Appositives A noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it Gives more information about the noun Examples: My cousin Bryan is my best friend. (identifies cousin) Our football team has won its first two games, one by three points and the other by six. (identifies games) Soledad, a cautious driver, has never had an automobile accident. (describes Soledad) Appositive phrase = appositive + modifiers The Vescuzos live on Milner Lane, a wide street lined with beech trees. Sometimes the appositive phrase precedes the noun. A diligent and quick-witted student, Mark always got good grades.

Appositives Appositives that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence are set off by commas An appositive telling which one of two or more is essential and should not be set off by commas Examples: Is Karen’s sister, Marcia, also a sophomore? (if Karen only has one sister) Jorge’s sister Selena is a sophomore. (If Jorge has more than one siser)

Classwork - Appositives Exercise 9, pages 82-83 Identify the appositive or appositive phrase in each sentence and give the word it identifies or describes

Grammar Chapter 3 Review Review E, page 83 Identify the verbal and appositive phrases, and identify each as a participial phrase, gerund phrase, infinitive phrase, and an appositive phrase Chapter review B - page 85-86 Identify the participial phrases and participles that are used as adjectives Give the noun or pronoun that it modifies

Grammar chapter 3 review Chapter review C - page 86 Identify each italicized phrase as a prepositional, participial, gerund, infinitive, or appositive phrase Chapter review D - page 86-87