Stage Number observed at the start of each stage Proportion of the original cohort surviving to start of each stage Proportion of original cohort dying during each stage Egg 44000 1.000 0.920 Instar I 3513 0.080 0.022 Instar II 2529 0.058 0.014 Instar III 1922 0.044 0.011 Instar IV 1461 0.033 0.003 Adult 1300 0.030 ---

Number of survivors on a log scale Type I Type II Type III Number of survivors on a log scale age

Stage Number observed at the start of each stage Proportion of the original cohort surviving to start of each stage Proportion of original cohort dying during each stage Egg 44000 1.000 0.920 Instar I 3513 0.080 0.022 Instar II 2529 0.058 0.014 Instar III 1922 0.044 0.011 Instar IV 1461 0.033 0.003 Adult 1300 0.030 ---

Typical fecundity schedule for Charadriiformes (killdeer, plovers) Age of parent Number of young produced 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Age of female Number of young 1 2 4 3 5 6 7

Age Number of individuals in population Probability of surviving the age class Proportion of survivors to age class x - (lx) Number of young produced (mx) lxmx 100 .5 1.0 1 50 .5 (50/100) 2 25 .25 (25/100) 3 12 .12 (12/100) .24 4 6 .06 (6/100) .12 5 .03 (3/100) .06 .01 (1/100) .02

Current estimated world population = 6.5 billion