Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in women and children's nutritional status in Pakistan in 2011: an analysis of data from a nationally representative.

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Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in women and children's nutritional status in Pakistan in 2011: an analysis of data from a nationally representative survey Mariachiara Di Cesare, PhD, Zaid Bhatti, Sajid B Soofi, Lea Fortunato, PhD, Prof Majid Ezzati, FMedSci, Prof Zulfiqar A Bhutta The Lancet Global Health Volume 3, Issue 4, Pages e229-e239 (April 2015) DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X Copyright © 2015 Di Cesare et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Map of Pakistan The Lancet Global Health 2015 3, e229-e239DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X) Copyright © 2015 Di Cesare et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Child and maternal anthropometric indicators (A) Indicators by deciles for household economic status. (B) Indicators by categories for maternal education. Prevalence refers to the proportion of individuals with HAZ more than 2 SD below median for stunting, WAZ more than 2 SD below median for underweight, WHZ more than 2 SD below median for wasting, and BMI less than 18·5 kg/m2 for underweight. HAZ=height-for-age Z score. WAZ=weight-for-age Z score. WHZ=weight-for-height Z score. BMI=body-mass index. The Lancet Global Health 2015 3, e229-e239DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X) Copyright © 2015 Di Cesare et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Distribution of economic status and literacy (A) Proportion of households in the two lowest quintiles of household economic status. (B) Proportion of women by district who are illiterate. The figures show posterior prevalences from a Bayesian spatial model. The Lancet Global Health 2015 3, e229-e239DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X) Copyright © 2015 Di Cesare et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting, and stunting-plus-wasting among children younger than 5 years Prevalences were estimated with a Bayesian spatial model with covariates. *Average prevalence of all developing countries in 2011. †Pakistan national prevalence in 2011. ‡Highest national prevalence all developing countries in 2011. The Lancet Global Health 2015 3, e229-e239DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X) Copyright © 2015 Di Cesare et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Prevalence of overweight among children younger than 5 years The district-level prevalences were estimated using a Bayesian spatial model with covariates. The Lancet Global Health 2015 3, e229-e239DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X) Copyright © 2015 Di Cesare et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Prevalence of underweight, normal weight and overweight, and obesity among women of childbearing age The prevalences were estimated with a Bayesian spatial model with covariates. *Average prevalence of all developing countries in 2011. †Pakistan national prevalence in 2011. ‡Highest national prevalence in all developing countries in 2011. The Lancet Global Health 2015 3, e229-e239DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70001-X) Copyright © 2015 Di Cesare et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY-NC-ND Terms and Conditions