درمان عفونت های شایع ENT

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chest Infections Lawrence Pike.
Advertisements

Otitis Media Lawrence Pike.
By : wala’ mosa Presented to: Dr. Ayham Abu Lila.
Nursing Care of Clients with Upper Respiratory Disorders.
Otitis Media Practice Guidelines
By: Anitha Jacob PA-S November 8, 2000
Otitis Media and Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Sinusitis Pediatrics 108:798, 2001 (Sep)
Upper respiratory tract infections
Otitis Media & Sinusitis
Otitis Media Practice Guidelines by the Fort Carson MEDDAC Pediatric Staff.
By: Sarah Nicole Ramirez and Margarita Hughes. There are three types of Otis Media 1. Acute otitis media 2. Otitis media with effusion 3. Otitis externa.
OTITIS MEDIA.
Brittany Skaehill, Julian Rulan, Maryna Ugalde, & Katlyn Feick.
Objectives Upon completion of the lecture, students should be able to:  Define middle ear infection  Know the classification of otitis media (OM). 
Definitions  Middle ear is the area between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear including the Eustachian tube.  Otitis media (OM) is inflammation.
Individualize patient evaluation for excluded groups Children < 2 months of age, consider sepsis evaluation Immunodeficiences Sensory deficits Age consideration.
Otitis Media K. Myra Lalas Peds PGY 2.
Otitis Media: Clinical Practice Guidelines and Current Management
Babak Saedi Imam Khomeini Hospital
Ears! Mark Hambly.
Childhood Otitis Media
OTITIS MEDIA Islamic University Nursing College. OTITIS MEDIA Definition: Presence of a middle ear infection or inflammation. Acute Otitis Media: occurrence.
OTITIS.
Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. CHAPTER 59 Otic Drugs.
Acute Otitis Media & Acute Otitis Externa
Discussion Otitis media is an infection of the middle section of the ear, as compared to external otitis (also known as swimmer's ear), which is an infection.
Bronchitis Causes Bronchitis occurs most often during the cold and flu season, usually coupled with an upper respiratory infection. A number of bacteria.
Risk factors, pathophysiology and causative agents of acute otitis media This teaching presentation for the ISOM website has been prepared by Tal Marom,
DR. SUDEEP K.C.. Acute inflammation of middle ear by pyogenic organisms. Etiology: Infants and child of lower socioeconomic group. Routes of infection:
MIDDLE EAR INFECTIONS.
AOM & OME Bastaninejad Shahin, MD, ORL & HNS. Normal TM!
Upper Respiratory Tract Disorder Lecture 2 12/14/20151.
AOM. Otitis Media  Otitis Media with effusion (OME)  Acute Otitis Media (AOM)  Recurrent AOM  Chronic Otitis Media/Chronic Otitis Media with effusion.
ENT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS DR K BABA MICROBIOLOGICAL PATHOLOGIST NHLS TSHWANE ACADEMIC DIVISION UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA.
( Ear II ) Diseases of External Ear & Otitis media
Ashley Pinawin, EM2 January 21, 2016
Phase 3a Rupy Chana and Alex Cross The Peer Teaching Society is not liable for false or misleading information…
OTITIS MEDIA Dr.Isazadehfar.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URIs) Dr Simin Dashti-Khavidaki, Department of Pharmacotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA.  The most common infection for which antibacterial agents are prescribed for children in the US  1/3 of office visits to pediatricians.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
Drugs for the Ear. Anatomy of the Ear  The external ear  Auricle or pinna  External auditory canal (EAC)  The middle ear  Malleus, incus, and stapes.
Choosing Wisely Urgent and Emergent Care
Adenoiditis.
OTITIS MEDIA Definition: inflammation of the middle ear
Your host: Andy HSI family medicine resident school 13 April 2016
Pharyngitis.
Respiratory tract infections
SEVERITY OF PNEUMOCOCCAL VS
MASTOIDITIS.
Pharmaceutical microbiology Common cold
Acute otitis media (with adequate therapy) middle ear a viral upper
Acute otitis Media And Otitis Media with Effusion By Prof
MICROBIOLOGY OF MIDDLE EAR INFECTION (OTITIS MEDIA)
Microbiology of Middle Ear Infections
lecture notes second med students- Vaccination
LECTURE: Microbiology of Middle Ear Infections
Otitis Externa.
Upper respiratory tract infection
PHARMACOTHERAPY III PHCY 510
Otitis Media.
Lower respiratory infections
PHARMACOTHERAPY III PHCY 510
By: Anitha Jacob PA-S November 8, 2000
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
MICROBIOLOGY OF MIDDLE EAR INFECTION (OTITIS MEDIA)
Otitis Media Dr. Yasir Hakim, MD Pathology& Microbiology.
Acute Otitis Media in the 21st Century: What Now. Richard C
Presentation transcript:

درمان عفونت های شایع ENT دکتر رسول سلطانی متخصص داروسازی بالینی و فارماکوتراپی عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان بیمارستان الزهراء (س)

اوتیت خارجی Otitis Externa

اوتیت خارجی Otitis Externa عفونت کانال گوش مشابه عفونت پوست و بافت نرم درد و خارش (گاهاً شدید)

اوتیت خارجی Otitis Externa Acute localized otitis externa Acute diffuse otitis externa Chronic otitis externa Malignant otitis externa

Acute localized otitis externa پوسچول یا فرونکل در فولیکول مو قرمزی، ادم و چرک در کانال احتمال آدنوپاتی شایع ترین پاتوژن ها: استاف اورئوس، استرپتوکوک درمان: حرارت موضعی، آنتی بیوتیک موضعی یا سیستمیک

Acute diffuse otitis externa Swimmers’ ear آب و هوای گرم و مرطوب خارش و درد پیشروندۀ گوش قرمزی و ادم کانال پاتوژن ها: باکتری های گرم منفی بویژه P. aeruginosa

Acute diffuse otitis externa درمان: شستشو با آب شستشو با سالین هایپرتونیک %3 مخلوط الکل و استیک اسید محلول گوشی فلوروکینولون + کورتون محلول گوشی polymyxin NH Inflammation and accumulated debris allow the growth of bacterial species. This growth is counteracted by the use of mild acidifying medications, such as acetic acid solutions. These agents are useful for fungal OE or for mild OE believed to be of bacterial origin. They can also be useful for prevention. Acetic acid is antibacterial and antifungal; hydrocortisone is anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antipruritic. The combination of the 2 agents is inexpensive and works well in treating superficial bacterial infections of OE.

Acute diffuse otitis externa مدت درمان: تا 3 روز پس از بهبود علائم (عموماً 5 تا 7 روز) موارد شدید: 10 تا 14 روز

Acute diffuse otitis externa لزوم درمان خوراکی: عدم پاسخ به درمان موضعی همراهی اوتیت مدیا همراهی علائم سیستمیک انتشار موضعی درد شدید لنفادنوپاتی نکروز بافتی ضعف ایمنی

Chronic otitis externa ناشی از تحریک توسط ترشحات گوش میانی از پردۀ صماخ عامل زمینه ای: عفونت مزمن گوش میانی احتمال خارش شدید درمان: رفع اوتیت مدیا

Malignant otitis externa عفونت شدید و نکروزدهنده درگیری بافتهای نرم، عروق، استخوان و غضروف احتمال درگیری CNS و پارالیز دائمی صورت پاتوژن ها؟ عوامل خطرساز: دیابت سن بالا ضعف ایمنی

Malignant otitis externa

Malignant otitis externa درمان: دبریدمان محلول گوشی فلوروکینولون + کورتون آنتی بیوتیک سیستمیک ضدسودومونا (4 تا 6 هفته) Fungal OE: Because the infection can persist asymptomatically, the patient should be reevaluated at the end of the course of treatment. At this time any further cleansing can be performed as needed. If the infection is not resolving, over-the-counter clotrimazole 1 percent solution (Lotrimin), which also has some antibacterial activity, can be used. In vitro studies show that topical solutions of thimerosal (Merthiolate) and M-cresyl acetate (Cresylate) are more effective agents but are messier.11 If the tympanic membrane is perforated, tolnaftate 1 percent solution (Tinactin) should be used in order to prevent ototoxicity.11 All of these topical agents are typically used at a dosage of three or four drops twice daily for seven days. Aspergillus infections may be resistant to clotrimazole and may require the use of oral itraconazole (Sporanox).6

تشخیص شرح حال و معاینه رنگ آمیزی گرم و کشت ترشحات: ضعف ایمنی عدم پاسخ به درمان شک به عفونت قارچی

Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

Otitis media inflammation of the middle ear most common in infants and children

Risk factors Winter season/outbreaks of respiratory syncytial or influenza virus Attendance at day care centers Lack of breast-feeding in infants Early age of first diagnosis Genetic predisposition Siblings in the home

Risk factors Cleft palate Lower socioeconomic status Exposure to tobacco smoke Use of a pacifier Bottle feeding Male gender Immunodeficiency Allergy

Pathophysiology usually follows a viral upper respiratory tract infection eustachian tube dysfunction and mucosal swelling in the middle ear Entry of colonized bacteria to the middle ear Impairment of clearance by the mucociliary system Proliferation of bacteria

Pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae (20% to 35%) Haemophilus influenzae (20% to 30%) Moraxella catarrhalis (20%)

Clinical presentation The acute onset of signs and symptoms of middle ear infection following cold symptoms of runny nose, nasal congestion, or cough

Clinical presentation Symptoms Pain that can be severe (more than 75% of patients) Fever (less than 25% of patients) Children: irritable, difficult sleeping Signs Discolored (gray), thickened, bulging eardrum Pneumatic otoscopy demonstrates an immobile eardrum Draining middle ear fluid (less than 3% of patients)

Laboratory tests Gram stain Culture

Diagnosis شروع حاد علائم افیوژن گوش میانی علائم و نشانه های التهاب گوش میانی قرمزی پردۀ صماخ درد

Treatment Acetaminophen or NSAIDs to relieve pain and malaise Surgical insertion of tympanostomy tubes (T tubes) For children who have at least three episodes in 6 months

First Line Penicillin Allergy Treatment Failure Amoxicillin high dose 80–90 mg/kg/day divided twice daily If severe symptoms (severe otalgia and T > 39°C ) Amoxicillin-clavulanate Ceftriaxone (1-3 days) Cefuroxime 30 mg/kg/day divided twice daily Cefixime 8 mg/kg/day Azithromycin 10 mg /kg /day 1, then 5 mg /kg /day for days 2–5 Clarithromycin 15 mg /kg /day divided twice daily Co-trimoxazole 8 mg/kg/day TMP divided twice daily Ceftriaxone 50 mg /kg/day IM/IV for 3 days Alternatives: Clindamycin 30–40 mg/kg /day in 3 divided doses Tympanocentesis

Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Recurrent Infections at least three episodes in 6 months or at least four episodes in 12 months risk of hearing loss and language and learning disabilities in children younger than 3 years of age

Vaccination Influenza vaccine Pneumococcal vaccine Children ages 2 to 23 months Patients with recurrent otitis media

ماستوئيديت Mastoiditis

ماستوئيديت Mastoiditis وجود ارتباط بين گوش مياني و ماستوئيد اکثر موارد اوتیت مدیای همراه افیوژن: التهاب ماستوئید شیوع کم ماستوئیدیت بارز

پاتوژنز بروز AOM پرخونی و ادم مخاط ماستوئید تجمع اگزودا نکروز استخوان در اثر فشار اگزودا ایجاد آبسه

پاتوژن ها S. pneumoniae H. influenzae Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) P. aeruginosa

علائم اتوره (بیش از 3 هفته) کاهش شنوایی، درد گوش، تب قرمزی، تورم و تندرنس استخوان ماستوئید

درمان موارد همراه پریوستئیت: موارد بدون استئیت یا پریوستئیت: مشابه درمان AOM درصورت ادامۀ تب و درد: تهیۀ کشت، imaging، آنتی بیوتیک جدید موارد همراه استئیت: ماستوئیدکتومی + tympanostomy + آنتی بیوتیک وریدی آنتی بیوتیک: ونکومایسین + سفتریاکسون پس از جراحی: آنتی بیوتیک/کورتیکواستروئید گوشی موارد همراه پریوستئیت: آنتی بیوتیک + tympanostomy درصورت عدم بهبود طی 48 ساعت: ماستوئیدکتومی

لارنژیت حاد Acute Laryngitis

لارنژیت حاد Acute Laryngitis

لارنژیت حاد Acute Laryngitis علل: عفونی غیرعفونی

لارنژیت حاد Acute Laryngitis علل عفونی: Rhinoviruses Parainfluenza viruses Respiratory syncytial virus Adenoviruses Influenza viruses Measles virus Mumps virus Bordetella pertussis Varicella-zoster virus

لارنژیت حاد Acute Laryngitis علل غیرعفونی: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Environmental insults (pollution) Vocal trauma Use of asthma inhalers

لارنژیت حاد Acute Laryngitis علائم: خشونت صدا شکستگی صدا قطع صدا (aphonia) سرفۀ خشک اکثر مواقع به دنبال عفونت تنفسی فوقانی همراه رینوره و فارنژیت

لارنژیت حاد Acute Laryngitis تشخیص: شرح حال پرخونی و اریتم طناب های صوتی

لارنژیت حاد Acute Laryngitis درمان: استراحت صوتی آنالژزیک مرطوب کردن قطع سیگار درمان GERD عدم سود آنتی بیوتیک و کورتیکواستروئید