Once Johnson is impeached, Congress passes Reconstruction Act of 1867.. Republicans would elect Grant as their President and he would carry out the Radical Reconstruction.

President Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. Credit Mobilier Scandal.

The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money question.” debtors seek inflationary monetary policy by continuing circulation of greenbacks (soft money.) creditors, intellectuals support hard money. Grant sides with the rich

1876 Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President * *Disputed Electoral votes 164 369 total electoral votes, need 185 to win.

vs Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President Compromise of 1877

social reality SEGREGATION Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from voting. poll taxes literacy tests grandfather clause Plessy V. Ferguson 1896

JC laws

Gilded Age Politics/The "Politics of Equilibrium"

Waving the Bloody Shirt! Republican “Southern Strategy”

Well-Defined Voting Blocs Democratic Bloc Republican Bloc The Presidency as a Symbolic Office Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt. Senator Roscoe Conkling

1880 Presidential Election: Republicans Half Breeds Stalwarts Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York) compromise James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)

1881: Garfield Assassinated! Charles Guiteau: I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Act. The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.

Introduction Until 1870 agriculture was America’s leading industry. The Civil War increased industrial development ( EX: Railroad) Problem: RR’s are very expensive to build Require government subsidies (Land/Money) Congress commissions two RR Corp. Union Pacific RR (1,086mi) Central Pacific RR (689mi) Promontory Point, Utah in 1869.

Revolution by Railways What the Railroad accomplished What wrongdoing they did Americans slow to regulate Wabash vs. Illinois 1886 Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Miracles of Mechanization Reasons for Rapid Industrial Expansion Liquid Capital (Lots of $) Natural resources could reach factories (transportation) New Larger Market encouraged mass-producing inventions (Larger populations) New Machines meant you could replace skilled labor with unskilled labor New ideas were flourishing (inventions)

The Trust Titan Emerges Vertical Integration- EX: Andrew Carnegie (Steel King) Horizontal Integration- EX: John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil) Interlocking Directorates- EX: J. P Morgan (Banking)

The Supremacy of Steel Skyscrapers Machines Railroad How do we see steel holding the US together? Skyscrapers Machines Railroad Bessemer Process (most important) Steel is stronger then iron

Rockefeller Grows as American Beauty Rose New Industry = Oil Kerosene Internal combustion engine and automobile. Gasoline

The New Industrial Order Social Darwinism “Robber Barons” What did the people think of this? Gospel of Wealth Social Gospel: Governments reaction to Trusts: Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

Impacts of New Industrial Revolution on America Increase in wealth in US/standard of living Increase in urban population (immigrants) New way of life Self producing farmers now become wage earners Time Factory Life Increase in class divisions/struggle 1/10 of people owned 9/10 of nation’s wealth in 1900

Impacts of New Industrial Revolution on America Women are the most effected group during the new move to industry!

Labor/Labor Unions Key Unions: Knights of Labor Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) The American Federation of Labor (AFL) Key Strikes: Homestead Strike (1892) Pullman Strike (1894) Corporations are strong and big and have government influence. View of Labor, organized or not?

The Urban Frontier The Growth of cities Mass transit Skyscrapers Mass transit Why did people move to the city? New Problems with emergence of Cities Crime = White/$ Flight Fire/No Building Codes (Until 1871) Little government (corrupt) Old vs. New Immigration Nativism-Why? Labor Union-Anti Immigrant-Why? Opportunities for Women

Narrowing the Welcome Mat Congress takes Action… 1882 banned paupers, criminals and convicts 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: Chinese banned 1885 Prohibited foreign workers under contract (usually below avg. wage)

Did Americans believe this? (No Notes) “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door. “

Lust for Learning During this time we see an increase public education. Educational success= new mindset FACTS:

Hallowed Halls of Ivy Colleges after Civil War REASONS: Educational opportunity increased for African Americans and Women

Education for African Americans Question: How do African Americans gain the rights/equality of other Americans?

Education for African Americans Booker T. Washington = Founded Tuskegee Institute (1881) W.E.B Du Bois- “talented tenth”- should be given full and immediate access to American life. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909

Appeal to the Press A new type of journalism arises = “yellow journalism” Joseph Pulitzer (NY World) William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner)

Families and Women in the City Urban life = hard on families (work) Trends: New work habits New family sizes Women More social/economic opportunity Jobs Nightlife ERA OF DIVORCE is launched Victoria Woodhull