Evaluation of National Veterinary Services using the OIE PVS Tool World Bank video-conference seminar Dr. Alain Dehove, OIE-HQ, Coordinator of the World Animal Health and Welfare Fund

SOME KEY FACTS Established in 1924: 172 Members Intergovernmental Organisation – predates the UN 5 Permanent OIE Regional Representations: Bamako (Mali), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Tokyo (Japan), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Beirut (Lebanon) 4 OIE Sub-Regional Offices: Bangkok (Thailand), Gaborone (Botswana), Panama, Brussels (Belgium) 5 OIE Regional Commissions: Africa, Americas, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Middle East 51 13 Briefly introduce the OIE. Number of Members is growing all the time. All OIE international standards are adopted by consensus of its Members. 2/3 of the Member Countries and Territories are developing countries. They need support to comply with international standards, achieve food security and economic growth, and participate in international trade. Geographic balance is important throughout the OIE procedures. 29 51 28

‘The improvement of animal health all around the world’ OIE MANDATE Historical: ‘To prevent animal diseases from spreading around the world’ The 4th Strategic Plan 2006/2010 extends the OIE’s global mandate to: ‘The improvement of animal health all around the world’ This new broader OIE mandate can only be achieved with Good Governance of the Veterinary Services worldwide.

OIE OBJECTIVES ANIMAL HEALTH INFORMATION to ensure transparency in the global animal disease and zoonosis situation to collect, analyse and disseminate scientific veterinary information [source : www.oie.int] Objective 1: Ensure transparency in the global animal disease situation “Each Member undertakes to report the listed animal diseases in its territory. The OIE disseminates the information to other countries, which can take the necessary preventive action. This information includes diseases transmissible to humans (zoonoses) and the results of intentional introduction of pathogens. Information is sent out immediately or periodically as defined by the OIE. Dissemination is via the OIE Web site, e-mail (on a permanent basis) and the following periodicals: Disease Information, published weekly, and the annual World Animal Health. Collect, analyse and disseminate veterinary scientific information The OIE collects and analyses the latest scientific information on animal disease control. This information is then made available to the Members to help them to improve the methods used to control and eradicate these diseases. Guidelines are prepared by the network of about 200 OIE Collaborating Centres and Reference Laboratories across the world. Scientific information is also disseminated through various works and periodicals published by the OIE, notably the Scientific and Technical Review (3 issues a year).

OIE OBJECTIVES INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS to promulgate health standards for the safety of international trade in animals and animal products and animal disease surveillance (within its WTO mandate) to contribute to food safety and food security and to promote animal welfare, through a science-based approach [source : www.oie.int] Objective 2: Sanitary safety Safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products The OIE develops normative documents relating to rules that Members can use to protect themselves from the introduction of diseases and pathogens, without setting up unjustified sanitary barriers. The main normative works produced by the OIE are: the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, the Aquatic Animal Health Code and the Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals. OIE standards are recognised by the World Trade Organization as referenced in the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). They are prepared by internationally renowned scientists, most of whom are experts within the network of about 200 Collaborating Centres and Reference Laboratories. These standards are presented by elected Specialist Commissions and adopted by the International Committee.

OIE OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES OF VETERINARY SERVICES to provide expertise and encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases to improve the legal framework and resources of national Veterinary Services [source : www.oie.int] Objective 3: To provide expertise and encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases “The OIE provides technical support to Members requesting assistance with animal disease control and eradication operations, including diseases transmissible to humans. The OIE notably offers expertise to the poorest countries to help them control animal diseases that cause livestock losses, present a risk to public health and threaten other Members. The OIE has a permanent contact to international regional and national financial organizations in order to encourage them to invest in the improvement of control of animal diseases and zoonosis.” If appropriate, mention; Veterinary Services are a Global Public Good with beneficial effects for: Poverty Alleviation Securing assets (capital, animal) Increasing productivity Market Access: local, regional and international Public Health: food safety and food security PVS concept linked with these objectives

OIE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS Official references of the World Trade Organisation SPS Agreement Adopted by consensus of OIE Members Terrestrial Animal Health Code mammals, birds and bees - Available at: http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_sommaire.htm Details of these chapters will appear later. Chapter 1.3.3. - Evaluation of Veterinary Services Chapter 1.3.4. - Guidelines for the Evaluation of VS

Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services

LEGAL BASIS (OIE Terrestrial Code) from Article 1.3.4.1. The purpose of evaluation may be to assist a national authority in the decision-making process regarding priorities for its own Veterinary Services (self-evaluation) to assist the process of risk analysis in international trade… to which official sanitary and/or zoosanitary controls apply.

USE OF OIE-PVS Tool Self-evaluation performed by internal and/or OIE experts for the purpose of assessing the performance of Veterinary Services … process reviewed on a regular basis to monitor improvements Countries are encouraged to use OIE-PVS tool in continuously monitoring the performance and improvement on veterinary services in partnership with private stakeholders.

USE OF OIE-PVS Tool An independent evaluation that provides a strong legitimization of a request for national and/or international financing or other requests (e.g. legislative / re-organisation / public-private partnerships) The impartial and independent evaluation of veterinary services by certified OIE assessors has gained the recognition of donors and international organisations as the official evaluation of veterinary services.

USE OF OIE-PVS Tool Major donors have accepted the use of the OIE PVS Tool and the criteria in the Code on the evaluation of performance and priorities of VS, as a prerequisite and a key guide in helping countries make requests for investment The impartial and independent evaluation of veterinary services by certified OIE assessors has gained the recognition of donors and international organisations as the official evaluation of veterinary services.

OUTPUT OF OIE-PVS Tool Gap identification and Gap Analysis (legitimacy of the request and leverage effect): … national use for self improvement and national budget applications; … external use for financial support; … use for credibility in international trade.

OIE Tool for the Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services OIE PVS TOOL OIE Tool for the Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services Briefly explain OIE PVS Tool as follows: This tool covers all the topics relevant to official veterinary services, as defined in the Terrestrial Code. The evaluation is not an audit or inspection in the traditional sense, for example as employed by importing countries as a prerequisite to establishing trade conditions. Rather it allows for the visiting team and the host country to conduct a joint review taking account of the local situation and coherent with the goals and objectives of the host country. This is quite new and different from other evaluations and audits. The goal is to identify gaps in performance in relation to the OIE standards on quality and prioritise actions to improve performance in these areas. The PVS is an agreed international procedure that has been accepted by OIE Members. It embodies a positive approach, working in partnership with the host country so that there is ownership of the report by the country evaluated. It is systematically used on a voluntary basis and at the request of OIE Members.

4 fundamental components critical competencies (6 - 12) OIE PVS TOOL PVS 4 fundamental components critical competencies (6 - 12) 5 levels of advancement Introduce structure of OIE PVS Tool

Level 5 full compliance with OIE standards OIE PVS TOOL 5 levels of advancement (qualitative) for each critical competency Level 1 no compliance Level 5 full compliance with OIE standards A higher level assumes compliance with all preceding levels

OIE PVS TOOL 6 to 12 critical competencies in each fundamental component overall 41 critical competencies i.e. 205 possible indications on levels

OIE PVS TOOL 4 FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS I - Human, physical and financial resources II - Technical authority and capability III - Interaction with stakeholders IV - Access to markets

Critical competencies I - HUMAN, PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES Professional and technical staffing of the Veterinary Services Competencies of veterinarians and veterinary para-professionals Continuing education Technical independence Stability of structures and sustainability of policies Coordination capability of the sectors and institutions of the Veterinary Services Physical resources Funding Contingency and compensatory funding Capability to invest and develop

Critical competencies II - TECHNICAL AUTHORITY AND CAPABILITY Veterinary laboratory diagnosis Laboratory Quality Assurance Risk analysis Quarantine and border security Epidemiological surveillance Early detection and emergency response Disease prevention, control and eradication Veterinary public health and food safety Veterinary medicines and veterinary biologicals Residue testing Emerging issues Technical innovation

Critical competencies III - INTERACTION WITH STAKEHOLDERS Communications Consultation with stakeholders Official representation Accreditation / Authorisation / Delegation Veterinary Statutory Body Participation of producers and other stakeholders in joint programmes

Critical competencies IV - ACCESS TO MARKETS Preparation of legislation and regulations, and implementation of regulations Stakeholder compliance with legislation and regulations International harmonisation International certification Equivalence and other types of sanitary agreements Traceability Transparency Zoning Compartmentalisation

OIE PVS TOOL Critical competency II-4 Quarantine and border security Example Critical competency II-4 Quarantine and border security Definition: ‘The authority and capability of the VS to prevent the entry and spread of diseases and other hazards of animals and animal products’

OIE PVS TOOL Example Levels of advancement The VS cannot apply any type of quarantine or border security procedures for animal or animal products with their neighbouring countries or trading partners. The VS can establish and apply quarantine and border security procedures; however, these are generally based neither on international standards nor on a risk analysis.

OIE PVS TOOL Example Levels of advancement The VS can establish and apply quarantine and border security procedures based on international standards, but the procedures do not systematically address illegal activities relating to the import of animals and animal products. The VS can establish and apply quarantine and border security procedures which systematically address legal pathways and illegal activities.

OIE PVS TOOL Example Levels of advancement The VS work with their neighbouring countries and trading partners to establish, apply and audit quarantine and border security procedures which systematically address all risks identified.

Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis Example II. 1 Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis Disease diagnosis is almost always conducted by clinical means only, with laboratory diagnostic capability being generally unavailable. 1 For major zoonoses and diseases of national economic importance, the VS have access to and use a laboratory to obtain a correct diagnosis 2 For other zoonoses and diseases present in the country, the VS have access to and use a laboratory to obtain a correct diagnosis. 3 For diseases of zoonotic or economic importance not present in the country, but known to exist in the region and/ or that could enter the country, the VS have access to and use a laboratory to obtain a correct diagnosis 4 In the case of new and emerging diseases in the region or world, the VS have access to and use a network of national or international reference laboratories (e.g. an OIE Reference Laboratory) to obtain a correct diagnosis. 5

OIE PVS APPROACH External independent evaluation Upon request of the country according to its context To assess Compliance with OIE Standards Strengths / Weaknesses Gaps / areas for improvement Not an audit, not an inspection Explain key aspects of the OIE PVS approach and steps in the OIE PVS evaluation

OIE PVS APPROACH Harmonised training of PVS experts (May 06; July 06; Feb. 07 and Feb. 08) 190 PVS experts trained to date 66 have done at least one PVS evaluation Geographical balance Four languages: EN; FR; SP + Russian All using same PVS procedure, Manual of the Assessor, PVS Tool and Indicators … and Chinese

OIE PVS APPROACH 66 PVS experts have done at least one PVS evaluation, of which: - 14 experts from Africa; - 17 from Americas; - 6 from Asia; - 26 from Europe; - and 3 from the Middle East. 66 = approx. 50% of those trained before February 2008 (last training session)

OIE PVS APPROACH Experts trained and certified by the OIE Assessment based on facts & evidence, not impressions Donors have accepted the OIE PVS official procedure in the evaluation of the performance of Veterinary Services A prerequisite and a guide in helping countries request national and/or international financial support needed to make improvements

PVS Evaluation Teams PVS Teams composed of experts recognized by the OIE: One PVS Team leader 1 or 2 PVS Expert(s) Possibly 1 Observer / Facilitator

STEPS IN THE OIE-PVS EVALUATION Official request from the OIE Delegate to the OIE (sine qua non condition) Proposal of dates and PVS Team Acceptance of mission by the Country PVS Evaluation mission Draft PVS Country Report OIE Peer review (PVS experts) PVS evaluation is organised by the OIE and conducted by the OIE Central Bureau working in collaboration with PVS experts. The logistical support of OIE regional and sub-regional offices is also necessary. The objective is to harmonize the approach, using peer reviewers, to all PVS reports, ensuring that the report prepared by the evaluation team meets the OIE standard for such reports and is consistent with the OIE framework. The peer reviewer is not requested to change the findings or conclusions of the report; rather, he/she is asked to ensure that the report is made in accordance with OIE procedures and is written in a clear, logical and coherent manner. The peer review is an important element in the transparency of the PVS procedures. Agreement on the final draft report is sought between team leader and peer reviewer.

STEPS IN THE OIE-PVS EVALUATION Country agreement/comments on the draft report Final PVS Country report confidential until this stage … for release only if agreed PVS Gap Analysis Preparation of investment programmes (national and international channels) PVS evaluation is organised by the OIE and conducted by the OIE Central Bureau working in collaboration with PVS experts. The logistical support of OIE regional and sub-regional offices is also necessary. The objective is to harmonize the approach, using peer reviewers, to all PVS reports, ensuring that the report prepared by the evaluation team meets the OIE standard for such reports and is consistent with the OIE framework. The peer reviewer is not requested to change the findings or conclusions of the report; rather, he/she is asked to ensure that the report is made in accordance with OIE procedures and is written in a clear, logical and coherent manner. The peer review is an important element in the transparency of the PVS procedures. Agreement on the final draft report is sought between team leader and peer reviewer.

50 OIE PVS Evaluations (to date) OIE Regions OIE Members Country Requests received PVS Missions done Draft Reports received Africa 51 33 26 23 Americas 29 9 8 7 Asia & Pacific 28 10 6 Europe Middle East 13 3 2 Total 172 68 50 44

50 OIE PVS Evaluations (to date) Financed by the OIE World Fund Africa: 26 countries Americas: 8 countries Asia-Pacific: 6 countries Europe: 7 countries Middle East: 3 countries

16 (+ 3) OIE PVS Reports available (to date) Africa (9): Algeria; Benin; Burundi; Côte d’Ivoire; Guinea; Lesotho; Madagascar; Malawi; Uganda Americas (2): Brazil; Costa Rica Asia (3): Laos; Mongolia; Vietnam Europe (1): Kyrgyz Republic Middle East (1): Yemen

Main Gaps identified (to date) (i) Overall, legislations and regulations related to animal disease prevention and control are very often outdated, very incomplete, obsolete or even non-existent in some cases. This undermines any programme directed towards early detection and rapid response mechanisms;

Main Gaps identified (to date) (ii) Public-Private partnerships are often still in their infancy, if not non-existent. Complementarities and synergies between official veterinarians, private practitioners and farmers represent a field of improvement to improve implementation of early detection and rapid response;

Main Gaps identified (to date) (iii) Sustainable operational budgets for Veterinary Services are insufficient and very far below the pro rata contribution of animal farming activities to the national GDPs or inadequate when compared to the livestock population of the country;

Main Gaps identified (to date) (iv) Staff resources and staff education and training (initial training as well as continuing education) are a source of concern in almost every country evaluated. In some countries the length of initial veterinary education is less than 2 years (world standards ~6 years).

Main Gaps identified (to date) (v) Laboratory capacity is also a weak point, both at national and at regional (sub-continental) level. Conditions of collection and of shipment of biological samples to the laboratories are a limiting factor working against early detection and confirmation of animal diseases. Laboratory capacity is also a weak point, both at national and at regional (sub-continental) level. This is not only due to a lack of adequate equipments; this is also a management, personnel training and budgetary issue. The procurement of modern equipments, often not adapted to local conditions (no water, no electricity), rarely settles it all. Conditions of collection and of shipment of biological samples to the laboratories are also a limiting factor working against early detection and confirmation of animal diseases.”

AI Rapid Assessments - INAPs “Regarding animal health issues, two aspects need to be differentiated: (i) those referring specifically to Veterinary Services that will be analyzed by an expert certified by OIE and (ii) those involving all other aspects of livestock and animal heath that will be addressed by the FAO-livestock specialist in collaboration with an expert from AU-IBAR”

AI Rapid Assessments - INAPs “The OIE-certified expert will be responsible for the assessment of Veterinary Services, using the PVS tool, particularly in relation to the country’s preparedness and capacity to respond to and control an avian influenza outbreak.”

AI Rapid Assessments Financed by the WB (PVS status) Congo B. (?) - Niger (PVS) Malawi (PVS Report) Zambia (PVS) Mauritania (with INAP) (PVS done) PVS = PVS requested (officially) PVS done = Evaluation mission done, report not finalised yet PVS Report = Report available for Donors and Partners

AI Rapid Assessments / INAPs Financed by the WB - AHI Facility (PVS status) Liberia - Mozambique (PVS done) Sierra Leone - Uganda (PVS Report) PVS = PVS requested (officially) PVS done = Evaluation mission done, report not finalised yet PVS Report = Report available for Donors and Partners

AI Rapid Assessments / INAPs Financed by the ALive Platform Benin (PVS Report) Burkina Faso (PVS done) Eritrea - Guinea C. (PVS Report) Lesotho (PVS Report) Madagascar (PVS Report) Sudan (PVS) Senegal (PVS done) Togo (PVS done) PVS = PVS requested (officially) PVS done = Evaluation mission done, report not finalised yet PVS Report = Report available for Donors and Partners

Good Governance of Vet Services OIE/FAO programme on Good Governance (last updated in September 2007)

Thank you for your attention Any questions? Thank you for your attention

12 rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France - www.oie.int – oie@oie.int Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale World Organisation for Animal Health Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal 12 rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France - www.oie.int – oie@oie.int