Figure 15.1 Relationship of glucose to major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.2 Overall balanced equation for the sum of reactions of glycolysis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.3 Glycolysis is a preparatory pathway for aerobic metabolism of glucose. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.4 Overviews of the major ways in which glucose is metabolized within cells of selected tissues of the body. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.5 Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by adipose tissue and muscle by increasing the number of glucose transporters (GLUT4) in the plasma membrane. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.6 The glycolytic pathway, divided into three stages. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.7 Catalytic mechanism of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.8 The reactions of 2,3-bisphosphotglycerate (2,3-BPG) shunt are catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme, 2,3-BPG mutase/phosphatase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.9 Mechanism of inactivation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by sulfhy-dryl reagents. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.10 Arsenate uncouples oxidation from phosphorylation at the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.11 Important regulatory features of glycolysis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.12 Comparison of the substrate saturation curves for hexokinase and glucokinase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.13 Glucokinase activity is regulated by translocation of the enzyme between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.14 Phosphorylation of glucose followed by dephosphorylation constitutes a futile cycle in parenchymal cells of the liver. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.15 Unless lactate formed by glycolysis is transported out of the cell, the intracellular pH will decrease by the accumulation of intracellular lactic acid (equivalent to lactate- plus H+ because lactic acid ionizes at intracellular pH). Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.16 Structure of fructose 2,6- bisphosphate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.17 Mechanism by which glucagon inhibits hepatic glycolysis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.18 Structure of cAMP. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.19 Reactions involved in the formation and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.20 Enzymes subject to covalent modification are usually phosphorylated on specific serine residues. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.21 General model for regulation of enzymes by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.22 Mechanism for covalent modification of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.23 Mechanism of glucagon and epinephrine inhibition of hepatic glycolysis by cAMP-mediated decrease in fructose 2,3-bisphosphate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.24 Schematic diagram of the primary structure of the liver isoenzyme of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.25 Mechanism for accelerated rates of hepatic glycolysis when the concentration of glucagon and epinephrine are low and that of insulin is high in the blood. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.26 Mechanism for acceleration of glycolysis in the heart in response to epinephrine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.27 Schematic diagram of the primary structure of the heart isoenzyme of 6-phospho-fructo/kinase-2,6-bisphosphatase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.28 Glucagon acts via cAMP to cause phosphorylation and inactivation of hepatic pyruvate kinase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.29 Abbreviated pathways of gluconeogenesis, illustrating the major substrate precursors for the process. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.30 Relationship between gluconeogenesis in the liver and glycolysis in the rest of the body. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.31 Pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.34 Energy requiring steps involved in phosphoenolpyruvate formation from pyruvate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.33 Reaction catalyzed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.34 Reaction catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.35 Glucose 6-phosphate is hydrolyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase located on the luminal surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.36 Pathway of gluconeogenesis from alanine and its relationship to urea synthesis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.37 Overview of the catabolism of fatty acids to ketone bodies and Co2. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.38 Pathway of gluconeogenesis from propionyl CoA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.39 Pathway of gluconeogenesis from glycerol, along with competing pathways. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.40 Pathway of glucose formation from fructose and the competing pathway of fructolysis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.41 Pathway responsible for the formation of sorbitol and fructose from glucose. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.42 Important allosteric regulatory features of the gluconeogenesis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.43 Glucagon promotes transcription of the gene for PEPcarboxykinase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.44 Electron micrograph showing glycogen granules (darkly stained material) in the liver of a fed rat. Micrographs generously provided by Dr. Robert R. Cardell of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Cincinnati. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.45 Two types of linkage between glucose molecules are present in glycogen. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.46 Branched structure of glycogen. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.47 Variation of liver glycogen content between meals and during the nocturnal fast. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.48 Cross section of human skeletal muscle showing red and white muscle fibers. Picture generously provided by Dr. Michael H. Brooke of the Jerry Lewis Neuromuscular Research Center, St. Louis, MO Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.49 Glycogenolysis and the fate of glycogen degraded in liver versus its fate in peripheral tissues. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.50 Concerted action of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen debranching enzyme is required for glycogenolysis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.51 Pathway of glycogenesis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.52 Concerted action of glycogen synthase and glycogen branching enzyme is required for glycogenesis. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.53 Glycogenin provides a primer for glycogen synthesis by glycogen synthase. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.54 Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase by covalent modification and allosteric effectors. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.55 Regulation of glycogen synthase by covalent modification. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.56 Mechanism for regulation of a phosphatase that binds to glycogen. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.57 Overview of the mechanism for glucose stimulation of glycogenesis in the liver. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.58 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.59 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.60 Phospholipase C cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphospherate. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.61 Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.62 Ca2+ mediates the stimulation of glycogenolysis in muscle by nervous excitation. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.63 Insulin acts by a plasma membrane receptor to promote glycogenesis in muscle. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 15.64 Insulin acts by a plasma membrane receptor to promote glycogenesis in liver. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.