NOTES for diagram WOMEN MEN households engaged in the Tomato work 5:00-7:00 Wake up, Fetch water, bring animals ( chicken, goats) out, prepare breakfast, send off children to school, clean the house, wash dishes Wake up, have breakfast, attend the farm 7:00-10:00 Farm work (Land preparation, seed sowing, transplanting, irrigation, pesticides spraying) Farm work (similar to women's) Overseeing farm work 1000-1400 Prepare lunch, wash dishes, wash clothes by hand, rest Continue farm work, have lunch 1500-1700 Farm work, attend social networks/meetings Rest from farm work , socialise with friends 1700-20:00 Prepare dinners, have dinner, counseling/disciplining children Have dinner, and sleep 20:00-5:00 sleep Some activities have not been included because they are seasonal, there are mainly to do with socialisation e.g attending cultural dances. Times for doing community work such as caring children in community child care centre, doing voluntary work on development such as health, agriculture, e.tc. and weekly community jobs have also not been included. 3. The incidence of violence against women was reportedly high but this has declined in recent years. Men and women share their roles in the cash market basing on better skills, and cultural perception. Men spend more time in farm work (attending cash crops) in the field. Women market the crops.

List of factors that increase women’s negotiating power in Malawi Being able to demonstrate the economic return to their household through having evidence of increased income for the household Involving husbands from the outset through community sensitizations and mobilization Women ‘s access to and control over income; relative contribution to family support; The knowledge and skill they have to undertake tomato production and marketing activities The level of external support in terms of skills building ‘Shared Understanding’ with their husbands (whose permission they have to seek to get involved. Self-esteem; self-efficacy and self concept through recognizing the economic contribution they are making at household level and the satisfaction derived from this. Participation in Household decision making processes. The drive to reduce violence against women. Role modeling– seeing other women participating successfully in economic activity Knowledge on gender , women’s rights issues and legal rights Emergency preparedness for (incase of divorce , death). These drive women into venturing in some economic activities that brings money at the household. Change of mindset and perception of men who do caring work. Change that begins with women themselves and Supportive role from the HH members.

Quotes from FGDs: “We enjoy the feeling that we are being productive not just being carers of children and husband. Time is not such a problem. We plan our work to manage doing both reproductive and productive roles. Of late men have started understanding the importance of assisting women with caring work at household level”   This change of men’s behavior because it enables women to have ample time to concentrate on marketing and do other small enterprises. “Our husbands have started cooking, cleaning homes and ditches, taking care of children and sometimes fetching water, in varying proportions from household to household. “Whenever we have gone out to sell our products, we are confident that our husbands will take care of our school going children and cook food’’ This is so because they too are confident that we will bring money in the household” Women in the FGDs argued that men will allocate more time on these if they actually understand the benefits of their new roles in economic activities. We are able to negotiate and have a shared understanding on the decisions made at household level because we are contributing to households’ economy. This was not the case, when ourselves as women were not bringing money in the households.