Introduction to Industrialization How improved farming, use of machines, and development of power sources for those machines re-wrote all of human society

What, Where, When Use of machines in mines and factories, to mass produce goods. Started in England Late 1700s, into 1800s--start date of 1750 often used.

Population & Technology Population of Europe had grown slowly since ancient times. Means / methods of farming remained constant (for the most part) over that same time. Change in 1700s--what else was happening then?

Better Farming = more food = more people from scientific/rational approach and ‘luck’ Crop rotation New crops--turnips, better breeds, etc. Enclosure--bigger fields (fewer farmers) New technology: seed drill, better plows, etc. A stretch of good weather? --30 or so years in early / mid-1700s

English Farmer with a seed drill (early 1700s) Example of how a relatively simple machine made a difference.

HIGHLIGHTS IN WORLD POPULATION GROWTH 1 billion in 1804 4 billion in 1974 (14 years later) 2 billion in 1927 (123 years later) 5 billion in 1987 (13 years later) 3 billion in 1960 (33 years later) 6 billion in 1999 (12 years later)

Effects of Population Growth More people, but fewer needed to produce food (due to machine to do what farm workers used to do by hand, and better farming techniques, and better plants/animals, etc.) Also, ‘enclosure’: land that had been the ‘commons’--owned by none, used by all--was made private. RESULT = pushed farmers off farms--into cities. Cities grow, labor is available in cities.

New Machines and Sources of Power From ancient times until 1700s: muscle power--horses, oxen, people--and wind--sails/windmills--and later, water--water wheel-driven mills by rivers. Water power becomes more important--belt driven machinery, trip hammers, etc. Relatively simple machines.

Home-based production, or the ‘Putting-out System’. People worked in their homes-raw materials were brought to the home to be processed by hand. This will change first when machines are used in cottages, and then when work moves to mills where powered machines are available (instead of the hand/foot powered machines used in homes).

Spinning Jenny and Mule--used in textile industry These are the kind of machine used in homes. It would have been hand/foot powered, made of wood and metal, with ropes and leather. A bit like a spinning wheel but more complicated. Again, a relatively simple machine made a difference.

Powered machines and Mills (Image removed to make PowerPoint file small enough to upload.) How a Grist Mill Worked

Wooden gears of an older water-wheel mill. (Image removed to make PowerPoint file small enough to upload.)

3 types of Water Wheels: Undershot, Overshot, and Breast Wheels (Image removed to make PowerPoint file small enough to upload.) Water power was much stronger than muscle (hand/foot) so bigger, more efficient machines were used in mills. But there were also problems with water power: mills had to be near a fast river--there were only so many of those, and they were not always conveniently located. And rivers sometimes slowed in times of drought, etc.

Early Steam Engine (late 1700s) Steam engines replaced water power and solved the problems of water power: they could be built/used at any location and did not ‘quit’ in droughts. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomen_steam_engine

Factory based production

Factory driven by belts (no date given-1800s?)

Mills & Factories meant a New Pattern of Work Factory--not home-not at worker’s own pace but instead, at the machine’s pace. Long hours, monotony. Textile* production: several stages (already ‘broken down into tasks’), as each was mechanized, pressure on others. *(textile = making cloth) Coal mining: steam engine = pump, so mines not flooded and can be deeper; so more coal, more fuel for other industries (making iron, steam powered transportation: trains, ships, etc).

Industrial Revolution! With new machines, factories, and workers (unemployed/former farmers) : INGREDIENTS ARE IN PLACE! Industrial Revolution!

Outcomes of Industrial Revolution: • social classes, • gender roles, • wealth • worker abuse and reforms (labor and housing conditions, etc), • family patterns, • new standards of living, • education • new scales of economies--connections • basically, Everything changed!