Behavior Based Safety Dr. A. V. Singh NRK/Sep 2003 AN INTRODUCTION TO Behavior Based Safety (BBS) Dr. A. V. Singh

Traditional Safety Model Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Fewer Accidents Traditional Safety Model Reprimands Regulations Policies Committees & Councils Slogans Safety Training Safety Meetings Contests & Awards

Traditional Safety Management Safety Management System Features Purpose: To reduce/eliminate injuries in the workplace. Limited effectiveness, why? Strong reliance on Antecedents PPE Emergency Response Policies Procedures Safety Rules Incident Investigation Safety Meetings Audits/Inspections Industrial Hygiene Hazard Recognition Training Safety Permits Ergonomics Fire Protection Engineering Safety Incentives Safety Surveys SHE Standards Job Safety Analysis JSO

Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Please think . . . How many of the above elements can be directly traced to injury elimination just at the moment the injury is about to occur ? Question: Are injuries totally eliminated?

Injury Statistics . . . 14 people die at work in US everyday Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Injury Statistics . . . 14 people die at work in US everyday 11,000 people suffer from disabling injury everyday Question: Are injuries totally eliminated?

Injury Statistics . . . Year 2004 in US* Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Injury Statistics . . . Year 2004 in US* 5200 workplace fatalities 3.8 fatalities per 100,000 workers 3.9 million people suffer disabling injuries 6.1 injuries or illnesses per 100 workers Question: Are injuries totally eliminated?

Injury Statistics . . . In INDIA Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Injury Statistics . . . In INDIA 124 people die at workplace everyday 46575 people are injured 32% contribution to global fatality at work 37% of global burden of occupational injury Question: Are injuries totally eliminated?

To Conclude . . . Good Safety Management systems exist Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 To Conclude . . . Good Safety Management systems exist Still workplace is injury prone & not safe Injury although declined, still persists WHAT IS MISSING? WHERE IS THE CATCH?

Scientifically proven that . . . Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Scientifically proven that . . . In 1951, Dr. Heinrich claimed that more than 90% of injuries were caused by UNSAFE ACTS DuPont proved by research that: Injury Causes Percent Injuries due to Unsafe Acts / Behavior 76 Injuries due to combination of Unsafe Behavior & Conditions 20 Injuries due Unsafe Conditions 4

DOE, US Govt. found out that . . . Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 DOE, US Govt. found out that . . . Personnel errors (Unsafe Acts) was present in 77% of incidents

(Unsafe Acts & Conditions) Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 DuPont Research found that . . . Avoid 1 Fatal 30 LTAs 300 Non LTAs 3,000 Near Miss / First Aid 30,000 Hazards (Unsafe Acts & Conditions) Eliminate

To Conclude . . . Safety Activities Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Accidents Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 To Conclude . . . Eliminate Unsafe Acts / Conditions = Avoid Injuries & Accidents Safety Activities Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Accidents

Unsafe Acts & Objectives of BBS Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Unsafe Acts & Objectives of BBS Unsafe Acts is a behavioral process Also defined as “at risk” behavior Objective of BBS is to minimize “at risk” behavior at workplace

Principles of BBS Behavior is the cause of accidents Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Principles of BBS Behavior is the cause of accidents Consequence motivate behavior What gets measured, gets done Feedback is essential to improvement Quality is built early in the process Conversations change organizations

Behavioral Safety Management Safety Management System Features Purpose: To reduce/eliminate injuries in the workplace. Improvement: Adding Consequences But, Still limited effectiveness, why? Not integrated with other elements PPE Emergency Response Policies Procedures Safety Rules Incident Investigation Safety Meetings Audits/Inspections Industrial Hygiene Hazard Recognition Training Safety Permits Ergonomics Fire Protection Engineering Safety Incentives Safety Surveys OSHA Standards JSO Behavioral Safety Job Safety Analysis

Behavioral Safety Management To be effective: Integrate the fundamental elements1 of BBS into the Safety Management System elements How? Identify (pinpoint) critical behaviors Define behaviors precisely to measure them reliably Implement mechanisms to determine current status Provide feedback Reinforce progress

Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 What is Behavior? Behavior is anything that a person says, does, thinks or feels Eg: Working at heights with safety belts Behavior should be observable, specific

Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 What is Antecedent ? Anything that occurs before or during the behavior can be an antecedent for that behavior B: Working at heights with safety belts A: Painful Memory of past accident It is Antecedents that cause a certain types of behavior to happen

What is Consequence ? Anything that occurs after a behavior Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 What is Consequence ? Anything that occurs after a behavior B: Working at heights with safety belts A: Painful Memory of past accident C: No more accidents

The ABC of BBS Program A: Antecedents – cause of certain behavior Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 The ABC of BBS Program A: Antecedents – cause of certain behavior B: Behavior – what you see a person do C: Consequence – outcome of a behavior

What is BBS Program? Understand & Influence Antecedents Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 What is BBS Program? Understand & Influence Antecedents Make people behave safely, work safely Minimize / eliminate workplace injuries This is Zero Injury Culture too . . .

BBS vs. Zero Injury Zero Injury is the GOAL Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 BBS vs. Zero Injury Zero Injury is the GOAL BBS is the path to reach the GOAL

How to Implement BBS ? 7 Steps Process Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 How to Implement BBS ? 7 Steps Process 1. Identify Unsafe Acts in all your operations. Make a list of safe acts for these unsafe acts. 2. Audit Unsafe Acts & Conditions. Report 3. Measure no. of safe / unsafe acts. Know your scores 4. Set Improvement Goals. Identify actions to achieve the goals. Implement Actions

How to Implement BBS ? 7 Steps Process Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 How to Implement BBS ? 7 Steps Process 5. Monitor actions implementation & trends of Unsafe Acts & conditions 6. Continually improve performance 7. Recognize performers & celebrate achievement

Q: Why focus on behavior? Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Q: Why focus on behavior? Serious Injuries Reactive Non Serious Injuries Near Misses At-Risk Behaviors Proactive Traditionally management focus has been on top Where does management have the most data to work with and the opportunity to be proactive in preventing accidents as opposed to reacting to accidents that already happened? Explain the safety cycle and how the emphasis moves up and down depending on management. Ask the class if they have experienced the “safety cycle” within the company. Ask the class if anyone had a near-miss or seen a near-miss today at work. Systems’ Weaknesses A: It’s the best way of measuring how well your system is working! Management gets serious about safety when there is: - Increase in accidents and cost - Serious accident - Fatality When accidents are low - management’s emphasis towards safety is low

Recall . . . Safety Activities Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Accidents Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Recall . . . Safety Activities Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Accidents

What do we do now? Safety Activities Traditional Model BBS Program + Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 What do we do now? Safety Activities Fewer Unsafe Acts Fewer Accidents Traditional Model BBS Program +

Primary Team Roles Management Lead by example Support the process Remove roadblocks Monitor success Provide resources

Basic Elements of BBS Identify/define targeted safe behaviors. Observe behaviors. Measure process/activities. Deliver feedback. Deliver positive consequences. Analyze variance/take action. Improve process continuously.

Consequences have the greatest influence on future behavior. Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 A-B-C Model Consequences Behavior Antecedents prompt the person to act action - what the person actually does what happens during or after the behavior Consequences have the greatest influence on future behavior.

Strengthen the behavior Consequences Consequences follow behavior They either: Strengthen the behavior or Weaken the behavior

The Behavioral Process EVALUATE PINPOINT CRITICAL SAFE & PROCESS SUPPORT BEHAVIORS RESULTS REINFORCE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT PERFORMANCE MEASURE VERBAL & GRAPHIC ON PERFORMANCE GIVE FEEDBACK

Classification of Consequences Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Classification of Consequences Type: Positive to Performer Negative to Performer Timing: Immediate - during or soon after Future - from a day to several months Probability: Certain that the consequence will occur again Uncertain that the consequence will occur

If BBS has to Succeed then . . . Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 If BBS has to Succeed then . . . Top Management Commitment is essential Ownership & involvement from all employees Steering Committee to monitor in plants Training to all on BBS & safety practices Effective Feedback – Most important Performance monitoring & Continual improvement

Safe Behavior Is safe behavior an occupational necessity? Behavior Based Safety NRK/Sep 2003 Safe Behavior Is safe behavior an occupational necessity? Is safety only at work place? Don’t I want my son to drive safely & reach home every day? Can safe behavior be a philosophy of life? Safe Behavior = Safety Assurance

Thank you