Thessaloniki, 15 November 2012 Distribution of the annual vehicle-kilometres driven by the European passenger cars and light commercial vehicles to altitude ranges Thessaloniki, 15 November 2012

Contents Introduction Methodology Results and observations

Introduction

Introduction The aim is to distribute the vehicle kilometres (veh-km) driven by passenger cars (PC) and light commercial vehicles (LCV) into various altitude classes in the EU27 Member States (MS) The required data for the aforementioned analysis are (by MS): Regional data, such as area, population, elevation Total veh-km for the PC and LCV fleet, allocated to the different fuel and technology classes

Methodology

Methodology – Step 1 Each EU MS was divided into smaller regions according to the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) For each NUTS region the population, total area, and elevation were collected via Eurostat Since there may be considerable variations in elevation within a certain region, the elevation of the capital or biggest city of each NUTS region was considered as representative of the entire region

Methodology – Step 1: Example Regional Data for Austria nuts2 regions population area (km²) capital elevation (m) AT11 Burgenland 284.4 3966 Eisenstadt 162 AT12 Niederösterreich 1610 19173 St. Pölten 225 AT13 Wien 1706.5 415 Vienna 171 AT21 Kärnten 558.8 9533 Klagenfurt 431 AT22 Steiermark 1209.5 16388 Graz 355 AT31 Oberösterreich 1411.9 11980 Linz 256 AT32 Salzburg 503.8 7155 453 AT33 Tirol 708.5 12648 Innsbruck 574 AT34 Vorarlberg 369.4 2601 Bregenz 772

Methodology – Step 2 Total PC and LCV veh-km have been distributed to the following fuel and technology classes for the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 Passenger cars Light Commercial Vehicles Gasoline pre-Euro 5 Gasoline Euro 5 Gasoline Euro 6 Diesel pre-Euro 5 Diesel Euro 5 Diesel Euro 6 LPG pre-Euro 5 -- LPG Euro 5 LPG Euro 6

Methodology – Step 2: Example Veh-km distribution into the selected vehicle classes for Austria (year 2010) Total activity (in Mveh-km) Urban Rural Highway Total Share Passenger cars 20948 26808 24057 71813 90.8% Gasoline pre - Euro 5 8048 10300 9243 27591 34.9% Gasoline Euro 5 996 1275 1144 3416 4.3% Gasoline Euro 6 0.0% Diesel pre - Euro 5 11049 14140 12689 37878 47.9% Diesel Euro 5 854 1093 981 2929 3.7% Diesel Euro 6 LPG pre - Euro 5 LPG Euro 5 LPG Euro 6 Light commercial vehicles 2279 2568 2388 7235 9.2% 313 353 328 993 1.3% 1966 2216 2060 6242 7.9% TOTAL 23227 29376 26445 79048 100.0%

Methodology – Step 3 The following elevation classes were selected for the allocation of veh-km Elevation Classes < 100 m 100 - 200 m 200 - 300 m 300 - 400 m 400 - 500 m 500 - 600 m 600 - 700 m 700 - 800 m > 800 m

Methodology – Step 3 A normal distribution of the veh-km into the various elevation classes was assumed for each NUTS region The mean of the normal distribution is the altitude of the capital city of each region (see Step 1) For the estimation of standard deviation (σ) it is assumed: For low elevations <50 m, σ = 10 Else, σ = elevation * 0.2

Methodology – Step 3: Example (1/3) For estimating the probability of elevation above 800m for a certain region, the normal deviate is computed: z0 = (800 – μ) / σ , where μ is the mean of the distribution (i.e. the elevation of the capital city) For estimating the probability of the elevation class 700–800m: The probability of elevation above 700m is determined as above The probability in question is the difference between the above two probabilities μ 700m 800m

Methodology – Step 3: Example (2/3) The veh-km are distributed to the various NUTS regions based on the population density of each region The percentage share of the total veh-km for a specified vehicle- and elevation class is then calculated by summing up the products of respective veh-km shares of the individual NUTS regions nuts 2 regions AT11 AT12 AT13 AT21 AT22 AT31 AT32 AT33 AT34 700 - 800 m 0.00% 0.09% 0.32% 11.29% 24.86% > 800 m 0.01% 2.50% 42.86% veh km shares Passenger cars 1.36% 1.59% 78.05% 1.11% 1.40% 2.24% 1.34% 1.06% 2.70% Gasoline pre - Euro 5 0.52% 0.61% 29.99% 0.43% 0.54% 0.86% 0.51% 0.41% 1.04% Gasoline Euro 5 0.06% 0.08% 3.71% 0.05% 0.07% 0.11% 0.13% Elevation Classes Passenger cars Gasoline pre Euro 5 Gasoline PC Euro 5 700 - 800 m 0.80% 0.31% 0.04% > 800 m 1.18% 0.45% 0.06%

Methodology – Step 3: Example (3/3) The distribution of total veh-km to all elevation classes for the EU27 was computed by summing up the corresponding veh-km of the individual MS Elevation Classes Passenger cars Gasoline pre Euro 5 Gasoline PC Euro 5 Gasoline PC Euro 6 Diesel pre - Euro 5 Diesel PC Euro 5 Diesel PC Euro 6 LPG pre - Euro 5 LPG PC Euro 5 < 100 m 60.97% 30.23% 3.20% 0.00% 23.92% 2.56% 0.94% 0.13% 100 - 200 m 10.72% 5.14% 0.46% 4.25% 0.39% 0.43% 0.05% 200 - 300 m 5.42% 2.34% 0.19% 2.31% 0.24% 0.30% 0.04% 300 - 400 m 2.76% 1.20% 0.10% 1.26% 0.12% 0.08% 0.01% 400 - 500 m 2.33% 0.99% 1.14% 0.09% 0.03% 500 - 600 m 1.74% 0.67% 0.91% 0.07% 600 - 700 m 1.05% 0.40% 0.55% 0.02% 700 - 800 m 0.44% 0.16% > 800 m

Results and Conclusions

Results Distribution of total EU-27 veh-km to the different altitude classes for passenger cars for the year 2010 Distribution of total EU-27 veh-km to the different altitude classes for light commercial vehicles for the year 2010

Results Distribution of total EU-27 veh-km to the different altitude classes for the entire light-duty vehicle (PC and LCV) fleet for the year 2010

Observations About 71% of all veh-km driven by the light duty vehicles in the EU, are allocated to low altitudes, below 100 m This percentage share increases to about 84% for altitudes up to 200 m and to about 90% for altitudes up to 300 m Only a small fraction of about 4% of all veh-km are driven in higher altitudes above 500 m