Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules

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Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
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Presentation transcript:

Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules

Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work Chemical reaction: A process in which atoms or molecules rearrange themselves to form a new substance enzymes speed up reactions “catalysts” –help the reaction proceed, but are not permanently changed in the process

Enzymes A protein catalyst Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. They speed metabolic reactions.

How do enzymes Work? Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy

Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy Progress of the reaction Reactants Products Free energy of activation

Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions substrate product active site enzyme

Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to one specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA

Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme Substrate Products Active site helper protein molecule Substrate molecule that enzymes work on Products what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into

What affects enzyme action Concentration More reactants = more collisions and reactions

Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate human enzymes work in the range of 35°to 40°C (body temp = 37°C) Raise temperature (boiling) denature protein = unfold = lose shape Lower temperature T° molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate

Temperature 37° human enzymes reaction rate temperature What’s happening here?! 37° reaction rate temperature

pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity changes in pH changes protein shape~ Denatures most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 stomach Average enzymes Intestines What’s happening here?! stomach Average enzymes Intestines reaction rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH

For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE!