Their History, Culture, Language, and Literature The Anglo-Saxons Their History, Culture, Language, and Literature

Unit Objectives and Skills CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.12.3 Analyze the impact of the author’s choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story or drama (e.g., where a story is set, how the action is ordered, how the characters are introduced and developed). CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL12.4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on the meaning and tone, including words with multiple meanings or language that is particularly fresh, engaging, or beautiful.

Unit Objectives and Skills CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL12.5 Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how to structure specific parts of a text (e.g., the choice of where to begin or end a story, the choice to provide a comedic or tragic resolution) contribute to its overall structure and meaning as well as its aesthetic impact.

Literary Terms Bias - cause to feel or show inclination or prejudice for or against someone or something Voice - the individual writing style of an author, through usage of syntax, diction, punctuation, character development, dialogue, etc. Point of View - a particular attitude or way of considering a matter. Direct Characterization – character is described Indirect Characterization – Character is revealed through dialogue, actions, and others’ reaction

Literary Terms The word kenning is derived from the Old Norse phrase kenna eitt við, which means "to express a thing in terms of another", and is found throughout Norse, Anglo-Saxon and Celtic literature Kenning - ‘a way of describing something indirectly’ can just be two words fused together with a hyphen to make a new noun. Ex: skull-splitter = axe Time-keeper - clock

Overview of Historical Events Ancient Britain Roman Britain Coming of the Anglo-Saxons – The English language begins Anglo-Saxon Culture, Religion, and Social Order Beginning of the literary tradition Second Viking invasion

Ancient Britain 2000 - 43 A.D. Inhabited by Britons and Celtic people Farmers and hunters Society organized into clans Ruled by tribal chieftains elected from the class of pagan priests, known as the Druids Celts are the first culture that we know something of in England. Up until the birth of Christ, there was not very much Roman culture in England.

Roman Britain 43 – 449 A.D. 43 A.D. – Romans, under Claudius’s rule, conquer Britain. Brought their law, culture, comforts, and Latin language to the land. The Celts become “Romanized,” tribal disputes stop, and things are fairly peaceful. Britons were converted to Christianity with the rest of the Roman Empire in the 4th century. 5th century – Roman occupation ends. 55 & 56 B C- The Romans, under Julius Caesar, visit the islands, and quickly declare it conquered. Romans influence Celtic society—more of an assimilation program. Roman contribution - Roads were built After 300 years of rule, the last of the Roman legions departed from Britain to defend Rome itself from northern European invaders.

Arrival of the Anglo – Saxons 5th Century A.D. Withdrawal of the Romans left the native Britons vulnerable. Next 100 years – Britons were invaded by seafaring, Germanic invaders. Three tribes known as Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Invasion forced natives to retreat to Wales. Old English Period begins in 449. 1. Rome departs from England in 407 A D, prior to the Fall of Rome A. Old disputes continue again between tribes B. Scots and Pits now threaten Celts in the south 2. Vortigern (a Celt) invites Scandinavian mercenaries to defend the Celts. These defenders are of Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They arrive in 449 A D and take over.

Anglo-Saxon Occupational Areas Angles- Northern and Midland Sections – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia Saxons- Southern sections – Wessex, Essex, Sussex Jutes- Southeastern Province, which became the kingdom of Kent Return

Anglo-Saxon Culture A.S. brought legends about ancient German heroes and kings. Warriors were celebrated in lays or songs sung at feasts by a gleeman or scop. Lays accompanied by the harp or lyre. Songs composed orally – for entertainment, but also kept history alive. Kings would entertain friends in mead halls, named for the drink mead made from fermented honey.

Anglo-Saxon Religious Beliefs (Before Christianity) A.S. were Pagans. Christianity of Roman times kept alive only in remote regions. Every human life in the hands of fate. Worshipped ancient Norse gods: Tiu, god of war and the sky; Woden (Odin), chief of the gods; and Fria (Freya), Woden’s wife. Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday Except the Irish – which had their own Celtic pantheon.

Anglo-Saxon Society Organized into a class of warriors known as earls or thanes. These warriors protected and were devoted to the king, who was chosen by a witan- council of elders. There was also a class of freemen known as churls. Slaves were known as thralls. Women, as “peace-weavers” These tribes are extremely violent, and believe that even the gods are bloodthirsty. They value revenge, and their lord. The tribes are warlike and believed in human sacrifice. Tribes fought amongst each other frequently; however, tribal differences soon faded.

Return of Christianity All of England converted to Christianity upon the arrival of Augustine in 597 A.D. Augustine began by converting King Ethelbert of Kent. Rest of England soon followed. Monasteries built. By 731 A.D.-Christianity well-rooted A. 597 A D- St. Augustine is sent to England, and he Christianizes the Island. 1. Upon learning that these beautiful people are pagan, he wants them to be saved 2. The barbarian tribes take to Christianity B. Celtic Christian movement comes from the north C. Within 100 years, the country is thoroughly Christian/ Catholic 731 A D- Christianity is so well rooted, that Bede writes as if previous events are old history. The new religion had a profound effect on the A.-S. civilization: warlords could no longer believe that they were the descendants of gods; no longer could freemen think it permissible to treat their wives or children or slaves with cruelty.

The Scribes In monasteries, scribes produced books by hand. Books were usually religious in nature. Focused on saints’ lives and sermons. There were also copies of the oral literature. Because of these Christian scribes, Anglo-Saxon culture was recorded. “Father of English History” – the Venerable Bede, a Northumbrian monk.

The Danish Invasion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHjK88t79vw Vikings (warriors) carried their piracy to the British Isles, bringing destruction and fear. Despite England’s efforts to defend itself, most of northern, eastern, and southern England fell to the Danes by the middle of the ninth century. Only the Saxon kingdom of Wessex fought the Danes to a standstill. 793—Viking invasions (wave two of Scandinavian invasions) raids—Viking ships raid coastline for a couple of hundred years

Anglo-Saxon Literary Themes Heroism and kingship – the relationship between kings and their thanes (warriors). Wergild- “man price” or retribution for the death of one’s family member. After the arrival of Christianity, their relationship with God takes on these themes. Wyrd- “Fate” controlled one’s destiny. Exile- the cost of being abandoned or apart from one’s tribe and society.

Weapons of War

A Typical Village

Beowulf Archetypal Anglo-Saxon literary work and as a cornerstone of modern literature, Beowulf Beowulf was composed by an unknown Anglo-Saxon poet around 700 A.D., but much of its material had been in circulation in oral narrative for many years.  Elements of the Beowulf story—including its setting and characters—date back to the period before the A-S migration.  The action of the poem takes place around 500 A.D.Many of the characters in the poem—the Swedish and Danish royal family members, for example—correspond to actual historical figures.

Beowulf cont. Though still an old pagan story, Beowulf thus came to be told by a Christian poet. The Beowulf poet is often at pains to attribute Christian thoughts and motives to his characters, who frequently behave in distinctly un-Christian ways. The Beowulf that we read today is therefore probably quite unlike the Beowulf with which the first Anglo-Saxon audiences were familiar.  The world thatBeowulf depicts and the heroic code of honor that defines much of the story is a relic of pre–Anglo-Saxon culture. 

Heorot – The Meadhall in Beowulf