Chap 19 States and Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Chap 19 States and Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa

Effects of Early African Migrations Bantu-speaking peoples settle south of Equator Agriculture, herding spreads with Bantu migrations Iron metallurgy

Cultivation of Bananas Domesticated in south-east Asia Malay sailors colonize Madagascar, 300-500 CE Introduce bananas, yams, chickens Well-adapted to African climate Food supply increases with this key crop- Result?

Kin-Based Societies Stateless, segmented societies No elaborate hierarchies, bureaucracies Average population of village: 100 Ruled by elders Network of villages resolve disputes in ad hoc manner Higher government authorities rare

Kingdoms and empires of sub-Saharan Africa, 800-1500 CE Chiefdoms – Population pressures after 1000 increase competition, disputes Small chiefdoms appear, overrule kin-based groups Small kingdoms form Ife, Benin

Kingdom of Kongo Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river Conglomeration of several village alliances Participated actively in trade networks Most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms Royal currency: cowries Ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Islamic Kingdoms and Empires Islam spreads to west Africa Trans-Saharan caravans Coastal east Africa through maritime trade Profound influence after 8th century Desiccation of Sahara begins c. 5000 BCE Introduction of Arabian camels revolutionizes trade WHY? 70-90 days to cross Sahara Arabs establish trading communities Gao - India

The Kingdom of Ghana Not related to modern State of Ghana Developed 4th-5th c. CE Protection against camel-driving raiders Center of African gold trade Imported from south to Ghana Also sold ivory, slaves Koumbi-Saleh Capital of Kingdom of Ghana Principal trading center High point 9th-12th centuries Population 15,000-20,000 Military, cultural center

Islam in West Africa Ghana kings convert 10th c. Positive impact on trade, relations with north Africa Synthesized Islam with local traditions Nearby Takrur aggressive missionaries Sundiata (r. 1230-1255) Empire of Mali extends over Kingdom of Ghana Neighboring kingdoms as well Took greater advantage of trans-Saharan trade Nominally Muslim, but did not force conversions

Mansa Musa (r. 1312-1337) Grandson of Sundiata Fervent Muslim Performed Hajj in 1324-25 Constructed numerous mosques Supported Muslim scholars “Mansa Musa of Mali went to Mecca” Empire declines after his rule

Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage Route