Cellular Respiration

 Respiration AND Respiration – the biochemical process that makes ATP from glucose Occurs in both autotrophs and heterotrophs.

 Respiration There are two types of respiration, AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC. Aerobic respiration requires OXYGEN to release energy. The chemical equation for aerobic respiration is: C6H1206 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP Glucose Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide Energy

 Respiration Anaerobic respiration DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN. (Also called FERMENTATION) Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with the same process, glycolysis.

C6H12O6 + 2 ATP  2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP  Glycolysis Occurs in CYTOPLASM Means “split the sugar,” The chemical equation for glycolysis is: C6H12O6 + 2 ATP  2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP

 Glycolysis Glucose molecules are broken down into 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) molecules Two ATP molecules are used and four ATP molecules are created resulting in a net gain of two ATP. Following glycolysis, the pyruvic acid molecules can follow two paths: aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration.

 Glycolysis 2 Glucose Glycolysis

Aerobic Respiration  Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA Pyruvic acid molecules are converted to Acetyl-CoA molecules. Acetyl-CoA broken down into H+, CO2, and ATP Krebs Cycle The H+ ions bond to carrier molecules, NAD+ and FAD to make NADH and FADH2.

 Aerobic Respiration NADH and FADH2 go through a series of step reactions – the electron transport chain – to produce ATP.

 Aerobic Respiration Each cycle produces 10 NADH molecules, 2 FADH2 molecules and 2 ATP. 1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP The end product of aerobic respiration is the production of 36 ATP MOLECULES.

Aerobic Respiration  2 36 Glucose Glycolysis Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport

Anaerobic Respiration  Anaerobic Respiration Occurs in the CYTOPLASM. Occurs in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration  Anaerobic Respiration Lactic acid Fermentation- converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid and CO2 Lactic acid can build up in muscles when they run out of oxygen and causes muscle soreness Alcoholic fermentation- converts pyruvic acid to ethanol and CO2 Process used to make wine, beer, cheese, and bread Both processes result in the production of only 2 ATP MOLECULES.

Factors Affecting Respiration:  Factors Affecting Respiration: ATP concentration - the more ATP molecules available, the slower the rate of respiration.

Anaerobic Respiration  Anaerobic Respiration Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport 2 36 Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid