Wind circulation through the atmosphere Global and Local Winds Wind circulation through the atmosphere

Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere What makes the wind blow? Have you ever thought about why wind occurs?

Energy Transfer The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, or energy that can travel through space is called radiation. Visible light Majority of sunlight in the form of a mixture of all the colors you see in the rainbow (ROYGBI). Infrared radiation Form of energy with wavelengtsh longer than visible light and is not visible but can be felt as HEAT! Gamma Radiation – Short wavelengths that can break bonds.

Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is the natural occurance that keeps Earth WARM! The greenhouse effect helps regulate temperature on Earth.

As visible light (radiation) enters the atmosphere, it is converted to infrared radiation and is trapped by gases in the air. These gases are called Greenhouse Gases!

Thermal energy is transferred through the atmosphere by: Radiation – sunlight reaching the Earth’s atmosphere. Conduction – Transfer of that energy by CONTACTING the actual atmosphere. Convection – Transfer of thermal energy by movement of AIR particles within the atmosphere.

Ozone Layer The Ozone Layer is one layer of the stratosphere, the second layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. The Ozone Layer is the mass of protective gases clinging to our planet. Remember that as elevation in creases, the temperature in creases in the Stratosphere. Why do you think the Stratosphere layer gets warmer?

Ticket out the door What is the ozone layer and why is it important?

Greenhouse Effect

The Sun’s energy reaches Earth through Radiation (heat traveling through Space)

When and where does the most intense Insolation occur? What is Insolation? The incoming solar radiation (energy from the Sun) that reaches Earth When and where does the most intense Insolation occur? Time of Day: Noon Time of Year: June 21 (NH) Where: Near the Equator

How much solar radiation reaches Earth? The Earth’s surface only absorbs 51% of incoming solar radiation

Greenhouse Effect The Process by which atmosphere gases absorb heat energy from the sun and prevent heat from leaving our atmosphere. In other words, greenhouse gases trap heat energy and keep it close to earth. 3 Main Greenhouse Gases: CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2), Methane, and WATER VAPOR

The Greenhouse Effect works like a Greenhouse Write your explanation and question in your notes

The sad tale of Frosty….  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DASXsUuP3zw What happened to Frosty? And WHY??? Details people! Give DETAILS! Watch through 3:15 Suzan’s “Deleted Scene” version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWbqYzqrHbs

Consider the Greenhouse effect on other planets Mercury Venus

What causes an Increase in Greenhouse gases? 1. CARBON DIOXIDE is added to the atmosphere when people burn coal, oil (gasoline), and natural gas FOSSIL FUELS, for transportation, factories, and electricity.

What else causes an increase in Greenhouse gases? 2. Deforestation, or the clearing of forests, also increases the amount of CARBON DIOXIDE in the air because in photosynthesis plants take in carbon dioxide and remove it from the atmosphere, they make oxygen.

What else causes an increase in Greenhouse gases? 3. Volcanoes, fires, and respiration (breathing) also add CO2 to the atmosphere. Carbon Cycle

4. Methane is produced when garbage is buried in landfills, from animal waste (poop), and from other natural sources.

5. As temperatures increase, evaporation increases which adds water vapor.

Is Global Warming Happening? How much have global temperatures changed between 1980 and 2000? How much are global temperatures expected to change between 2000 and 2100?

Is Sea Level Rising? How much has sea level gone up since 1990?

Is Global Warming Melting Ice Caps Is Global Warming Melting Ice Caps? What percent of the polar ice caps have melted since 1979?

Greenhouse Effect Vs. Global Warming Greenhouse Effect is the natural process where retention of the heat by the greenhouses gases on the surface of the Earth, allowing the planet’s temperature to rise. Global Warming is when the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and the oceans rise.

Create a t-chart and list the good and bad things that you can think about the greenhouse effect.

Is the Greenhouse Effect Good or Bad? It is necessary for life (good)- it keeps our climate toasty warm and prevents it from fluctuating (changing) too much. It is bad when: there are too many greenhouse gasses and the climate gets warmer (GLOBAL WARMING)

Global Winds and Air Movement

Wind is the movement of air caused by differences in air pressure Air Movement Wind is the movement of air caused by differences in air pressure The greater the difference, the faster the wind moves

Differences in air pressure are caused by the uneven heating of Earth Uneven heating produces pressure belts which occur every 30° latitude

Hot vs. Cold Rises Hot air Cold air Sinks

Where is the coldest areas on the globe?

Where is the hottest area on the globe?

What about the latitudes in between 30 and 60 degrees?

Now that we know where the convection in our atmosphere takes place, let’s take how these convection cells fuel global winds!

As warm air rises at the equator and moves toward the poles, it cools Pressure Belts As warm air rises at the equator and moves toward the poles, it cools As it cools, some of the air sinks around 30° north and south of the equator

At the poles, cold air sinks and moves towards the equator Pressure Belts At the poles, cold air sinks and moves towards the equator Around 60° north and south, the air begins to heat up and rise

These are polar easterlies, prevailing westerlies, and trade winds Global Winds The combination of pressure belts and the Coriolis Effect cause global winds These are polar easterlies, prevailing westerlies, and trade winds

Wind belts that extend from the poles to 60° latitude Polar Easterlies Formed from cold sinking air moving from the poles creating cold temperatures Wind belts that extend from the poles to 60° latitude

Prevailing Westerlies Wind belts found between 30° and 60° latitude Flow towards the poles from west to east carrying moist air over the United States

Winds that blow from 30° almost to the equator Trade Winds Winds that blow from 30° almost to the equator Called the trade winds because of their use by early sailors

Doldrums Located along the equator where no winds blow because the warm rising air creates an area of low pressure

Separates warm air from cold air Jet Stream The jet streams are narrow belts of high speed winds that blow in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere Separates warm air from cold air

Generally move short distances and can blow in any direction Local Winds Generally move short distances and can blow in any direction Caused by geographic features that produce temperature differences

Air moves from the ocean to the land creating a sea breeze Sea Breezes High pressure is created over the ocean during the day and low pressure over land due to uneven heating Air moves from the ocean to the land creating a sea breeze

Land Breezes Low pressure occurs over the ocean during the night and high pressure over land due to the uneven heating of earth This causes wind to move from the land to the ocean creating a land breeze

Question 1 What causes winds?

Answer Winds are caused by the uneven heating of Earth’s surface, which causes pressure differences

What are the three types of global winds? Question 2 What are the three types of global winds?

Answer Polar Easterlies Westerlies Trade Winds

What is the difference between a land breeze and a sea breeze? Question 3 What is the difference between a land breeze and a sea breeze?

Answer Sea breezes occur during the day when the land is warmer than water and a land breeze occurs at night when the water is warmer than land