Georgia and the Progressive Movement Progressive Era Georgia and the Progressive Movement

The Progressive Movement Definition – a group of people who believes that humans could keep improving society to make it better and better Three main ways to reform society Progressives wanted government to fight poverty and improve the living conditions of its citizens Progressives wanted government to break up monopolies and regulate business Progressives wanted voters to have more influence in government 3) Most famous were muckrakers (investigative journalists) 4) Progressive reforms prison reform, juvenile court system, labor reform, child labor laws, temperance movement, woman’s suffrage, government reform, civil rights

Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities Upton Sinclair – The Jungle Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Company Impact Creation of the Department of Agriculture Creation of the Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Act Food Safety and inspections Impact Sherman Anti-Trust Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Prohibits monopolies

Quick Thought Which progressive reform/muckraker issue do you think had the most impact on American society? Why? Explain.

Civil Rights Rise of white supremacy and the acceptance of racial segregation by both the whites and African Americans Jim Crow Laws were established to allow the “separate but equal” principle Plessy v. Ferguson decision by the U.S. Supreme Court validated the principle of “separate but equal” facilities Cummings v. Richmond County Board of Education decision by the U.S. Supreme Court further validated segregation by stating that African Americans had the right to an education up to 8th grade, closing the High School did not violate the 14th Amendment, and it was a state issue and not a federal one Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, John Hope Disenfranchisement - loss of voting rights – grandfather clause (1867), poll tax, literacy test Race Riots in Atlanta 1906 – false reports surfaced of black assaults, whites and blacks gathered on Decatur Street, violence erupted, 18 blacks and 3 whites were killed after the 2 day riot

Jim Crow Laws (primary sources)

Quick Thought What was a “red flag” or wrong with these two situations? How do you feel about these segregation laws? Explain.

Civil Rights (continued) Plessy v. Fergusen – Homer Plessy, who was 7/8 white and 1/8 black, refused to move from the “whites only” rail car and was arrested. The US Supreme Court ruled in favor of segregation. The case resulted in further segregation between the blacks and whites, especially in the South. Racial Violence Between 1884 and 1918, over 2,500 reported lynchings or burnings at the stake Increased violence against African-Americans especially after the Leo Frank case Resurgence of KKK increased violence against Afircan-Americans

Reform Tradition in America From Revolution to Civil War American Revolution – colonists protested loud and often against various attempts by British government to tax them without consent of their colonial assemblies Age of Jackson – voting rights, spoils system (all capable of public service), chosen by nation conventions, helped disadvantaged, education reform Abolitionists and Civil War – William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman

Reform Tradition in America (con’t) 2) Reforms after the Civil War A) Citizenship and Voting rights for African Americans (13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments) B) Women’s Suffrage – Wyoming first territory or state to allow women to vote (1869); Seneca Falls Convention (1848) C) Temperance Movement – Francis Willard and Carrie Nation D) Civil Service Reform – before 1880’s person chosen by political connections; Pendleton Act (1883) created civil service system E) Populists – government ownership of railroads; graduated income tax; more power to the voters

Booker T. Washington President of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama He believed that for African-Americans, economic independence was the only road to social and political equality Also believed that it would take time to achieve economic independence for whites to accept as equals Atlanta Compromise speech – African-Americans must work hard to achieve equality Up From Slavery

W.E.B Dubois Disagreed with Booker T. Washington Believed African-Americans should gain equality now, not later Social and political integration, the “Talented Tenth” for education to become leaders The Souls of Black Folk Founding member of the NAACP Editor for The Crisis magazine (NAACP)

John and Lugenia Burns Hope Graduated from Brown University Joined the faculty of Morehouse College Became 1st African-America President of Morehouse College in 1906 Became President of Atlanta University in 1929 Founding member of the NAACP in 1909 Work with the YMCA Lugenia Burns Hope was also a great civic leader Neighborhood Union – provided financial aid to needy families

Alonzo Herndon Born a slave in 1858 Learned to be a barber, moved to Atlanta and opened 3 barber shops 1905 bought a small insurance company for $140 and named the Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company Now called the Atlanta Life Insurance Company, one of the largest African-American owned businesses in the US

Guided Notes Questions Who was the president of the Tuskegee Institute? What was the “Atlanta Compromise”? Who bought the Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company? What was the name changed to? What were two accomplishments of John Hope?

Summary Writing How did African Americans try to regain their rights they lost after reconstruction?