Industrialization Labor Reactions.

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Presentation transcript:

Industrialization Labor Reactions

The Development of Labor Unions Why did labor Unions form during this era? Long Hours 6-7 day workweeks 12+ hour workdays Low Wages In sweatshops 27 cents for a child’s 14-hour day 1899 – women earned an average of $267 a year; men $498 Danger Injuries = common 1882 – an average of 675 laborers were killed in work-related accidents each week Lack of worker benefits No vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation and injury reimbursement Child Labor 1890-1910 – 20% of boys & 10% of girls under 15 held full time jobs

Early Labor Organizing National Labor Union (NLU) 1st large scale national organization of laborers Formed – 1866 Membership ~ 640,000 Big accomplishment – helping legalize the 8 hour work day for gov’t workers Knights of Labor Motto – “ An injury to one is the concern of all” Membership open to all ~ 700,000 Supported an 8 hour workday and “equal pay for equal work” Strikes were a last resort Instead advocated arbitration

Knights of Labor Department of Labor

Labor Unions Diversify Craft Unionism Included skilled workers form one or more trades Industrial Unionism Included both skilled and unskilled workers in a specific industry Labor Unions in the West Small unions Increased the strength of the labor mov’t / the tension between labor and management

Labor Relations Turned Violent: Strikes Industry and gov’t responded forcefully to union activity Saw it as a threat to capitalism Various strikes turned violent The Great Strike of 1877 Strikers protesting wage cuts at B&O Railroad Federal troops ended it The Haymarket Affair Strikers protesting police brutality Bomb was tossed into a line of police https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OQxncb2ihQ Homestead Strike Steelworkers strike against cut wages Broken up by the National Guard Pullman Company Strike Strikers protesting lay offs, wage cuts and high rent Broke up by federal troops

Management & Government Reactions to Unions The more powerful unions became, the more employers came to fear them Ways that management tried to undue labor progress Not “officially” recognizing unions Forbidding union meetings Firing union members Turning the Sherman Antitrust Act against labor By claiming that strikes, boycotts, etc. would hurt interstate trade Despite setbacks, workers still viewed unions as powerful tool