SCTR 19 – Religions of the Book Prepared by Sean Hind Christian Sacraments SCTR 19 – Religions of the Book Prepared by Sean Hind

What is a Sacrament? Definitions: Number of Sacraments? Latin: sacramentum; Greek: mysterion Rites/rituals performed in/by the Church, to convey God’s “grace” to believers Number of Sacraments? Catholics & Orthodox Christians: seven Most Protestants: only two (Bapt. & Euch.) Aspects of each Sacrament: Effects & Ministers Biblical Basis Central Words & Actions comes from Greek word mysterion and Latin sacramentum the word "sacrament" refers to seven particular rites or rituals performed in and by the Church

Types of Sacraments Sacraments of Initiation: Sacraments of Healing: Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Sacraments of Healing: Penance/Reconciliation Anointing of the Sick Sacraments of Vocation: Marriage/Matrimony Holy Orders

Baptism Effects: Ministers: Gk. baptizo = “dipped/immersed” in water. Becoming a member of Christ’s Church. Having one's sins forgiven. Ministers: Bishops Priests Deacons Anyone! (in case of urgent need)

Central Words & Actions Baptism "I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.” Actions: Full immersion in water, or pouring water over head Sprinkling or dabbing? Infants? or only Adults? Other symbols: anointing; candles, white garment "I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."
(the "Trinitarian Formula," from Matt 28:19) Some Protestants baptize "in the name of Jesus"; see Acts 2 & 10) The candidate is immersed in water, or water is poured over the candidate's head.

Biblical Basis: Baptism Jesus’ Commands: Matt 28:19 Evangelists’ Theology: John 3:22; 4:1-2 Early Church Practice: Acts 2:38-41; 10:47-48 Etc. Matt 28:19 - Jesus commissions the apostles: "Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" John 3:22; 4:1-2 - Jesus' first disciples baptize other disciples Acts 2:38-41; 10:47-48 - new believers are baptized "in the name of Jesus" by Peter & others;(not just Jesus' own baptism: Mark 1:9-11 & par.)

Eucharist Effects: Ministers: Spiritually nourished by body & blood of Christ. United "in communion" with Christ & community. Gk. Eucharistia = “thanksgiving” prayer Ministers: Bishops Priests Being spiritually nourished by Christ's body and blood Being united "in communion" with Christ and other believers. Performed by Bishops or Priests

Biblical Basis: Eucharist Jesus’ Last Supper: Mark 14:22-25 Matt 26; Luke 22; 1 Cor 11 Gospel Theology: John 6:48-58 Early Xn Practice: Luke 24:35 Acts 2:42; etc. Mark 14:22-25; Matt 26:26-30; Luke 22:14-23; 1 Cor 11:23-25 - Jesus' "Last Supper" with his disciples John 6: 48-58 - the end of the Bread of Life discourse: "eat my flesh; drink my blood" Luke 24:35; Acts 2:42 - Christians gather for the "Breaking of the Bread"

Central Words & Actions Eucharist Long prayer of “Thanksgiving” Esp. the Words of Institution: “This is my body…” “This is my blood…” Actions: Bread and wine blessed by minister; received/shared by communicants. "This is my body... This is my blood..." (the "Words of Institution" from the Last Supper) The bread and wine are blessed/consecrated by the minister and received/shared by the communicants.

Confirmation Effects: Ministers: Purpose: Ministers: Bishops; Strengthened by the Holy Spirit. “Confirmed” in the fullness of Christian faith. Ministers: Bishops Priests (in some cases) Purpose: Strengthened by Holy Spirit “Confirmed” in fullness of Christian faith Ministers: Bishops; In some cases Priests

Biblical Basis: Confirmation Jesus: John 20:22 Apostles: Acts 8:17; 19:6 Acts 10:44-48 John 20:22 - "(Jesus) breathed on them (the disciples) and said, 'Receive the Holy Spirit'"; Acts 8:17; 19:6 - believers receive the Spirit, esp. through laying on of the apostle's hands Acts 10:44-48 - the coming of the Spirit is closely associated with the Baptism of new believers

Central Words & Actions Confirmation "(Name), be sealed with the Gift of the Holy Spirit.” Actions: Bishop lays his hands on the head of the confirmed "(Name), be sealed with the Gift of the Holy Spirit.” Laying on of hands (the bishop lays his hands on the head of the confirmed).

Penance/Reconciliation Effects: Forgiven of one's sins Reconciled to God Reconciled to others Ministers: Bishops Priests Purpose: Begin forgiven of one's sins being reconciled to God the Church, and other people. Performed by Bishops or Priests

Biblical Basis Penance/Reconciliation Jesus: Forgive! John 20:23 Matt 16:19; 18:18 James: Confess! James 5:16 John 20:23 - "If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained"; Matt 16:19; 18:18 - more sayings on "binding and loosing"; James 5:16 - "confess your sins to one another"

Central Words & Actions Penance/Reconciliation "I forgive you of all of your sins, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" Actions: confesses his sins expresses contrition proposes amendment "I forgive you of all of your sins, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (the "Words of Absolution") The penitent confesses his sins, expresses contrition, and proposes amendment; the confessor suggests a penance and speaks the words of absolution.

Anointing of the Sick Effects: Ministers: Being strengthened in time of illness. United in prayer with the community. Physically/psychologically healed? Ministers: Bishops Priests

Biblical Basis Anointing of the Sick Disciples anoint the sick: Mark 6:7-13 Call elders to pray/anoint: James 5:14-16 Mark 6:7-13 - Jesus' disciples "anointed with oil many who were sick and healed them” James 5:14-16 - "call for the elders of the church and have them pray over (the sick), anointing them with oil in the names of the Lord."

Central Words & Actions Anointing of the Sick "Through this holy anointing may the Lord in his love and mercy help you with the grace of the Holy Spirit. May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up." Actions: Anointing sick person’s forehead &hands with blessed oil "Through this holy anointing may the Lord in his love and mercy help you with the grace of the Holy Spirit. May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up." The minister anointing the sick persons forehead and hands with blessed oil

Matrimony/Marriage Effects: Ministers: United in eyes of God & church. Legally recognized as a couple. Ministers: The couple themselves! Clergy are merely witnesses! Being united ("one flesh") in God's eyes; becoming a publicly and legally recognized couple. Performed by the couple themselves; clergy are the official witnesses

Biblical Basis Matrimony/Marriage God creates M & F: Gen 2:24 Jesus vs. Divorce: Mark 10:2-12; Matt 19:1-9 Paul on spousal unity: Eph 5:22-33; 1Cor 7:10-16 Gen 2:24 - "a man leaves his parents and clings to his wife and they become one flesh” Mark 10:2-12; Matt 19:1-9 - Jesus teaches against divorce; "What God has joined together, let no one separate” Eph 5:22-33; 1Cor 7:10-16 - Paul stresses the unity of husbands and wives not simply Jesus' presence at the wedding at Cana, John 2:1-11

Central Words & Actions Matrimony/Marriage "I, (name), take you, (name), to be my husband/wife. I promise to be true to you…” Actions: Husband & wife publicly promise fidelity & love. Optional: exchange of rings, lighting of candles, etc. "I, (name), take you, (name), to be my husband/wife. I promise to be true to you in good times and in bad, in sickness and in health. I will love you and honor you all the days of my life." The husband and wife make these promises to each other publicly. Rings are exchanged as a visible sign of this verbal commitment.

Holy Orders Effects: Becoming "ordained" clergy, in leadership “orders”: Bishops Priests Deacons Ministers: only Bishops Becoming member of "ordained" clergy, the church's official leadership "orders” Ordination for: Bishops Priests Deacons Ministers:

Biblical Basis Holy Orders Jesus chooses Apostles: Mark 3:13-19; etc. Laying on of Hands: Acts 6:6 1 Tim 4:14; 5:22 2 Tim 1:6 Mark 3:13-19 - Jesus "calls" and "appoints" the 12 apostles Acts 6:6; 1 Tim 4:14; 5:22; 2 Tim 1:6 - "laying on of hands" as the "ordaining" or commissioning rite of local Christian leaders

Central Words & Actions Holy Orders "Prayer of Consecration” Actions: Laying hands on ordinand’s head Anointing hands with holy oil Several other symbolic gestures A long "Prayer of Consecration" The bishop lays his hands on the ordinand's head; he also anoints his hands and performs several other symbolic gestures

Summary Seven Sacraments (Cath.): Two Sacraments (Prot.): Baptism Eucharist Confirmation Penance/Reconciliation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony/Marriage Holy Orders Two Sacraments (Prot.):