Jeopardy Gene to Protein Bacteria & Viruses DNA Technology DNA Genomes $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500

$100 Question from DNA What are the four Nitrogen Bases and which bond with which?

$100 Answer from DNA Thymine – Adenine Cytosine – Guanine

$200 Question from DNA Explain the 5’ and 3’ Ends

$200 Answer from DNA The 5’ end is a Phosphate end and the 3’ end is the hydroxyl end. The two strands of DNA in the double helix run opposite of eachother.

$300 Question from DNA How is a nucleotide incorporated into a DNA strand?

$300 Answer from DNA It links to the sugar-phosphate backbone of the growing DNA strand, and loses two phosphates.

$400 Question from DNA Name and Explain the three models of DNA replication

$400 Answer from DNA Conservative Model – The original double helix remains intact and an all new copy is made Semiconservative Model – The two strands separate and then are each duplicated to make two new strands. Dispersive Model – Each strand of both new double helixes contains both new DNA and pieces of the original DNA double helix

$500 Question from DNA Explain the steps of DNA replication

$500 Answer from DNA Many steps, not enough room to put them here. Just listen

$100 Question from Gene to Protein What is mRNA and what is its purpose?

$100 Answer from Gene to Protein It is messenger RNA and it carries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes

$200 Question from Gene to Protein What are the steps to go from DNA to Proteins and where does each step occur?

$200 Answer from Gene to Protein Transcription – Nucleus RNA Processing – Nucleus Translation - Ribosomes

$300 Question from Gene to Protein What are the steps of Transcription

$300 Answer from Gene to Protein Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, DNA strands unwind, and the enzyme initiates RNA synthesis Elongation: The polymerase unwinds the DNA (5’ to 3’), and mid transcription the DNA becomes a double helix again. Termination: Eventually, the polymerase transcribes a terminator sequence, which signals the end of transcription.

$400 Question from Gene to Protein Explain how promoters work in Eukaryotic cells.

$400 Answer from Gene to Protein The TATA box, a nucleotide sequence containing TATA, is commonly a promoter. The transcription factor recognizes the TATA box and binds to the DNA before RNA polymerase II can. This promoter controls the transcription step.

$500 Question from Gene to Protein What is the codon for the Amino Acid Methionine?

$500 Answer from Gene to Protein AUG

$100 Question from Bacteria & Viruses What are 2 Viral structures?

$100 Answer from Bacteria and Viruses Helical Capsid, Polyhedral Capsid, Phages, or circular capsid (membranous envelobe)

$200 Question from H3 Differentiate between the Lytic and Lysogenic cycles

$200 Answer from Bacteria and Viruses In the Lytic cycle, the virus replicates until the bacterial cell lyses, but in the Lysogenic cycle, the virus encorporates its RNA into the bacteria’s DNA, and the bacteria survives.

$300 Question from Bacteria and Viruses What type of virus is a Class VI ssRNA

$300 Answer from Bacteria and Viruses Retroviruses like HIV

$400 Question from Bacteria and Viruses Explain how the trp operon functions

$400 Answer from Bacteria and Viruses The RNA polymerase and Operator trigger the trp operon. As tryptophan is created and accumulates, it is more likely to contact the operator and shut off the operon, ceasing the production of tryptophan.

$500 Question from Bacteria and Viruses Explain the steps in retroviral replication within a cell

$500 Answer from Bacteria and Viruses Reverse transcription of RNA The RNA-DNA hybrid is then changed back to DNA and incorporated into the DNA of the cell The proviral genes are then transcribed into RNA molecules The RNA is then translated into HIV proteins and released from the cell

$100 Question from Genomes How do Histones help to pack DNA

$100 Answer from Genomes They are very positively charged, so they pack tightly with the negatively charged DNA.

$200 Question from Genomes What is the connection between the p53 gene and cancer?

$200 Answer from Genomes Damage or inactivation of the p53 gene will negatively affect the cell cycle and disable the cell’s ability to perform apoptosis

$300 Question from Genomes What is the name for isolated repetitive DNA?

$300 Answer from Genomes Satellite DNA

$400 Question from Genomes What are Transposons, and how much of the human genome do they make up

$400 Answer from Genomes They are pieces of DNA that can jump from place to place in a strand of DNA. 10%

$500 Question from Genomes Explain DNA methylation and Histone acetylation

$500 Answer from Genomes Methylation is the attachment of methyl groups to DNA bases. This inactivates them for extended periods of time. Acetylation attaches an acetyl group to histones, activating a section of DNA.

$100 Question from DNA Technology What are “sticky ends”?

$100 Answer from DNA Technology They are single-stranded DNA ends that bind more easily to complimentary ends.

$200 Question from DNA Technology What are plasmids and what are they used for in DNA technology?

$200 Answer from DNA Technology They are circular strands of DNA that are separate from the DNA of an organism. They are used to alter the DNA of an organism.

$300 Question from DNA Technology Give an example of how human proteins can be replicated and used.

$300 Answer from DNA Technology HGH is produced by genetically modified by bacteria and used to treat human illnesses.

$400 Question from DNA Technology How can in vitro Mutagenesis be used to determine gene expression and function?

$400 Answer from DNA Technology It shuts off genes so that the function of another gene can more easily be determined.

$500 Question from DNA Technology Explain the steps of Southern Blotting

$500 Answer from DNA Technology 1. Prepare the DNA fragments 2. Electrophoresis 3. Blotting 4. Radioactive complimentary DNA 5. Autoradiography