Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 UK Biobank.

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Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 UK Biobank participants Peter Hanlon, MSc, Barbara I Nicholl, PhD, Bhautesh Dinesh Jani, PhD, Duncan Lee, PhD, Ross McQueenie, PhD, Prof Frances S Mair, MD The Lancet Public Health Volume 3, Issue 7, Pages e323-e332 (July 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30091-4 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty categorised by number of long-term conditions The Lancet Public Health 2018 3, e323-e332DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30091-4) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Frailty or pre-frailty for individual long-term conditions adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking status, and body-mass index A forest plot indicating the odds ratio for frailty (A) and pre-frailty (B) for long-term conditions with >1% prevalence (in the whole cohort) compared those without. *Excludes non-melanoma skin cancer. The Lancet Public Health 2018 3, e323-e332DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30091-4) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 All-cause mortality for frailty status stratified by age and sex, and adjusted for socioeconomic status, body-mass index, smoking status, alcohol use frequency, and multimorbidity count The Lancet Public Health 2018 3, e323-e332DOI: (10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30091-4) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions