Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars

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Presentation transcript:

Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars Michael Endl McDonald Observatory University of Texas at Austin

Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars The solar neighborhood

Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars Transit method: advantage: planetary radius & Doppler velocities => mean density disadvantage: requires space telescope (CoRoT, Kepler), large sample Doppler method: advantage: “cheap”, ground-based, well-established disadvantage: only minimum mass, large data quantities needed Astrometry: advantage: true masses (with Doppler), good for nearby stars! disadvantage: extreme precision (SIM) Micro-Lensing: advantage: sensitive to habitable zone planets disadvantage: requires star to move between us and background star Direct Imaging: advantage: it's a picture! (brightness, colors...) disadvantage: it's only a picture (mass? orbit?,...), new telescopes (TPF)

Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars Doppler (or radial) velocity method: measurement of the tiny velocity variations of the star due to the presence of an unseen planetary companion. This is done by determining the small Doppler shift of stellar lines over many years. Systematic errors have to be under control! Current highest precision: ~ 1 m/s Earth imparts on the sun a velocity change of ± 10 cm/s over 1 year! Completely new challenge! Stellar variability: p-mode oscillations: few minutes, can be averaged out rotational modulation: cool spots, Prot ~ 30 days magnetic activity cycles: t ~ 11 years

Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars

Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars Alpha Centauri campaign at the McLellan 1 m telescope at Mt. John Observatory (NZ) with Stuart Barnes & John Hearnshaw

Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars

Strategies to detect Earth-like planets around nearby stars Doppler detection of Earth analogs is possible with a precision of 2-3 m/s and ~50,000 measurements over 4 -5 yrs! IF error budget is dominated by white noise! Pilot Study: semi-dedicated telescope/spectrograph for intensive multi-year campaign on Alpha Cen. Future: Global network of dedicated 2-4 m class telescopes with high precision velocity spectrographs => monitor all nearby 10-20 solar-type stars over ~5 years => after a decade we would have an “Input Catalog” of candidates for ambitious space missions like the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), allows detailed follow-up observations