The Crusades, and the Reconquista

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The Crusades, and the Reconquista

The Crusades and Reconquista How can we best describe Latin-Greek relations in light of the Crusades? How can we compare/contrast the Muslim jihad with the Christian Crusades? How can we compare/contrast the Crusades and the Reconquista?

The Crusades Background and Context Growing apocalyptic expectations! Seljuk advances, pilgrims threatened Alexios I Komnenos requested western aid (1095)

The Crusades Council of Clermont (1095) Convoked by Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099) Called for crusade Plenary indulgence promised “God wills it!” Urban II at Clermont

Praying Knight of “Westminster Psalter” (13th cent.) The Crusades The Crusaders Included knights, ordinary people Going on “pilgrimage” Very expensive undertaking! Sought expiation of sin, sanctification Engaged in “just,” “holy” war Praying Knight of “Westminster Psalter” (13th cent.)

The Crusades The First Crusade (1096-99) Some 60,000 crusaders! Met in Constantinople  Nicaea (1097) Conquered Antioch (1098), Jerusalem* (1099) God’s favor? Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

The Crusades The Crusader States

The Crusades Krak des Chevaliers, County of Tripoli

The Crusades

The Crusades Necessities of siege warfare

The Crusades The Hospitallers of St. John First based at hospice near Church of Holy Sepulcher Adopted Rule of St. Augustine Infirmarians Defenders of Holy Land, pilgrims

The Crusades The Knights Templar First based in palace adjoining former site of Temple Adopted Cistercian Rule Devoted to protection of pilgrims, Holy Land Accusations of heresy, immorality  suppression (1312)

The Crusades

The Crusades Questions?

The Crusades The Second Crusade (1147-49) Edessa fell to Zengi of Mosul (1144) New crusade led by King Louis VII, Emperor Conrad III Recapture of Edessa not feasible Besieged Damascus 4 days (July 1148)  failure! Conrad III and Louis VII lead crusaders

The Crusades Saladin (1138-1193) Sultan Pious Muslim, dedicated to jihad Aimed to unite Muslims Victor at Battle of Hattin (July 4, 1187) Conquered Jerusalem (Oct. 2)

The Crusades

The Crusades The Third Crusade (1189-1192) Richard the Lionheart, Philip II of France vs. Saladin Conquered Cyprus, recaptured Acre (1191) Unable to retake Jerusalem! Three-year truce signed (September 2, 1192) Richard I “the Lionheart” (r. 1189-1199)

The Crusades

The Crusades The Fourth Crusade (1202-04) Called by Innocent III (1198) “Detoured” to Constantinople at request of Prince Alexios (June 1203) Crusaders deposed usurper emperor, installed Alexios Alexios unable to make good  crusaders sacked Constantinople! (April 1204)

The Crusades The End of the Crusades Four major crusades Acre fell to Muslims 1291  end of crusades The Byzantine Empire Constantinople recaptured, empire reestablished 1261 Bitter hatred for Latin Christians Considerably weakened

The Crusades

The Crusades Questions?

The Reconquista The “Big Picture” “Crusade” in western Europe From 11th to 15th centuries Moorish unity fragmented (11th cent.) Northern Christian princes launched reconquest

The Reconquista The Reconquista Received papal support, promise of indulgence Christian advances  conquest of Toledo (1085), Zaragoza (1118) Successes  Christian kingdoms St. James the Moor-Slayer

The Reconquista Las Navas de Tolosa (July 16, 1212) Alfonso VIII of Castile, allies vs. Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir 100,000+ Muslims dead/captured “The Punishment” Last serious threat to Christian hegemony eliminated

The Reconquista

The Reconquista King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Unified Crown of Spain (1469) Conquered Granada (1469) “Catholic Monarchs” Ordered expulsion of Jews (1492), Moors (1504)

The Reconquista Questions?

The Crusades and Reconquista How can we best describe Latin-Greek relations in light of the Crusades? How can we compare/contrast the Muslim jihad with the Christian Crusades? How can we compare/contrast the Crusades and the Reconquista?