Microbial Genetics Heredity Genes Chromosomes Alleles Mutations DNA + proteins Bacterial Human Genes Alleles Mutations

Genetic Information Storage DNA/Base sequences Genetic information transfer

DNA Replication DNA structure 5’ and 3’ ends Antiparallel strand orientation Strand unwinding

DNA Polymerase Leading strand synthesis Lagging strand synthesis Need for DNA Ligase

RNA Synthesis RNA Polymerase Promoter sequence Terminator sequence 3 RNA types rRNA mRNA tRNA t

Gene Complexity Compared Eukaryotic Introns transcribed then spliced out Exon shuffling can occur Prokaryotic No introns Operons

Genetic Code mRNA codons

Protein Synthesis tRNA anticodons Amino acid links Role of ribosomes

Coupling of Transcription/Translation Prokaryotic streamlining of gene expression

Regulation of Metabolism Enzyme Inhibition Enzyme Induction Enzyme Repression

Mutations Genotype Phenotype

Mutation Types - Substitutions Point mutations Silent Missense Nonsense

Mutation Types Frameshift Rearrangements

Causes of Mutation Spontaneous Radiation (Physical mutagens) Fragility Errors in replication Chemical mutagens Radiation (Physical mutagens)

Mutation Studies Genetic diseases Progerias Mental retardation Xeroderma pigmentosum Werner’s syndrome Bloom’s syndrome Progerias Accelerated aging Mental retardation Damage to early neurons

Ames Test – Detects Mutagens Salmonella typhimurium (his-) Mutation reverts phenotype to ability to biosynthesize histidine Rat liver extract added to simulate mammalian enzymes Bacteria grown with many controls