Guided Notes Water Cycle & Groundwater Phase Changes of Water Infiltration vs. Runoff Groundwater Zones Permeability Porosity Capillarity Water Retention Groundwater Pollution © K. Coder 2015

1. How is Earth’s water distributed? Our Earth is made of 70% water. Most of Earth’s water is in our oceans. Thus, it is too salty for most human uses. Most freshwater is frozen in glaciers. Humans can use surface water (lakes, streams, rivers) & groundwater for freshwater. © K. Coder 2015

TED-ED: Where did Earth’s water come from? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwtO04EXgUE © K. Coder 2015

2. What are the names of water in each phase? Solid water = ice Liquid water = water Gaseous water = water vapor © K. Coder 2015

3. How can the state of matter be changed? Heat energy absorbed (adding heat): Melting: Solid -> Liquid Evaporation: Liquid -> Gas Heat energy released (taking away heat): Freezing: Liquid -> Solid Condensation: Gas -> Liquid © K. Coder 2015

3. How can the state of matter be changed? © K. Coder 2015

Water Phase Change Animation http://dli.taft.cc.ca.us/streams/Geography/Animations/WaterPhases.html © K. Coder 2015

4. How is water naturally recycled? Water cycle: illustrates the movement of phase changes of water at and near Earth’s surface © K. Coder 2015

5. What powers the water cycle? The Sun provides heat energy needed to power the water cycle © K. Coder 2015

5. What powers the water cycle? Evaporation: (C) liquid water becoming water vapor © K. Coder 2015

5. What powers the water cycle? Transpiration: (D) release of water vapor into the atmosphere by plants © K. Coder 2015

5. What powers the water cycle? Condensation: (A) water vapor becoming liquid water (forming clouds) © K. Coder 2015

5. What powers the water cycle? Precipitation: (B) water falling to the ground © K. Coder 2015

Checkpoint: Water Cycle 1) Identify the processes A, B, C, D, E and F & the feature labeled X. A B C D E F X Evaporation Condensation Transpiration Precipitation Runoff Infiltration Water table © K. Coder 2015

5. What happens after precipitation falls on land? 1) Infiltration: the downward movement of water through the soil 2) Runoff: excess water that cannot infiltrate the ground © K. Coder 2015

6. Where does the water go when it moves underground? After infiltrating the soil, groundwater occupies distinct zones. 1) Zone of aeration: spaces between rocks filled with air   Zone of aeration © K. Coder 2015 Solid rock in Earth’s crust the water cannot pass through Impermeable Bedrock

6. Where does the water go when it moves underground? 2) Zone of saturation: spaces between rocks filled with water Saturated = filled with water Unsaturated = not filled with water   Zone of aeration Zone of saturation © K. Coder 2015 Solid rock in Earth’s crust the water cannot pass through Impermeable Bedrock

6. Where does the water go when it moves underground? 3) Water table: the boundary between the two zones. The water table moves up and down depending upon the amount of ground water.   Zone of aeration Water table Zone of saturation © K. Coder 2015 Solid rock in Earth’s crust the water cannot pass through Impermeable Bedrock

7. How do conditions cause the water table to change? Diagram Average Water Table Height   Prolonged Precipitation Prolonged Dry Conditions Height of Water Table Distance from Water Table to Land Surface Average height of water table Increased height of water table Decreased height of water table Distance would decrease (water table gets closer to land) Distance would increase (water table gets farther from land) Average distance © K. Coder 2015

8. Why can water infiltrate some soils quicker than others? Permeability: the ability of soil or sediment to allow water to flow down through it © K. Coder 2015

8. Why can water infiltrate some soils quicker than others? The sizes of the sediments (fragments of rock) determine how much water can move into the ground. © K. Coder 2015

9. How is permeability determined? Permeable: water can infiltrate the ground Impermeable: water cannot infiltrate the ground and will remain on the surface © K. Coder 2015

9. How is permeability determined? As soil size increases, the permeability rate increases. Greater permeable sediments: pebbles & sand (larger) Less permeable sediments: silt & clay (small) © K. Coder 2015

Permeability Animation http://hmxearthscience.com/Warehouse/geology/surface_processes/animations/Percolation_000.swf © K. Coder 2015

10. How are runoff and infiltration related? Indirect relationship: as the amount of infiltration increases, the amount of runoff decreases © K. Coder 2015

11. What factors affect infiltration & runoff? Increase Infiltration, Decrease Runoff Increase Runoff, Decrease Infiltration Permeability Highly permeable Low permeability Low permeability High permeability OR © K. Coder 2015

11. What factors affect infiltration & runoff? Increase Infiltration, Decrease Runoff Increase Runoff, Decrease Infiltration Saturation Unsaturated Saturated Saturated Unsaturated OR © K. Coder 2015

11. What factors affect infiltration & runoff? Increase Infiltration, Decrease Runoff Increase Runoff, Decrease Infiltration Slope Gentle slope Steep slope Steep slope Gentle slope OR © K. Coder 2015

11. What factors affect infiltration & runoff? Increase Infiltration, Decrease Runoff Increase Runoff, Decrease Infiltration Temperature Warm soil Cold or frozen soil Cold or frozen soil Warm soil OR © K. Coder 2015

11. What factors affect infiltration & runoff? Increase Infiltration, Decrease Runoff Increase Runoff, Decrease Infiltration Vegetation Large amount of vegetation Small amount of vegetation Small Amount of Vegetation Large Amount of Vegetation OR © K. Coder 2015

11. What factors affect infiltration & runoff? Increase Infiltration, Decrease Runoff Increase Runoff, Decrease Infiltration Location Concretes, pavement, buildings Soils and sands Soils and sands Concrete, pavement, buildings OR © K. Coder 2015

Percentage of Surface Runoff on a Variety of Surfaces © K. Coder 2015

Checkpoint: Groundwater 1) Describe the permeability and saturation that would allow the most: a. Infiltration: permeable and unsaturated   b. Runoff: impermeable and saturated © K. Coder 2015