Positioning difficulties in periapical radiography I. Mandibular third molar II. Gagging III. Endodontics IV. Edentulous alveolar ridges V. Children VI. Patients with disabilities

Possible solutions Using specially designed holders Taking two radiographs of the third molar using two different horizontal tubehead angulations

Fig.8.28

Problems with gagging and possible solutions The patient sucks a local anaesthetic lozenge before positioning of the film packet The patient is asked to concentrate on breading deeply while the film packet is in the mouth Placing the film packet flat in the mouth and using bisected angle technique

Problems encountered during endodontics Film packet placement and stabilization when endodontic instruments, rubber dam and rubber dam clamps are in position Identification and separation of root canals Assessing root canal lengths from foreshortened or elongated radiographs

Possible solutions Using a Rinn Eezee-Grip Using Rinn endo instrument

Identification and separation of root canals

Assessing root canal length Using paralleling technique Calculating mathematically the actual length from a radiograph taken by bisected angle technique

Problems encountered with children