Data Presentation and Visualisation 2: Tables CONTRACTOR IS ACTING UNDER A FRAMEWORK CONTRACT CONCLUDED WITH THE COMMISSION

Road vehicles data – effective rounding exercise 2

Table 4.14: Motor vehicles currently licensed: rows and columns interchanged United Kingdom, 1961 to 1981 Thousands   Year Type of vehicle Motor-cycles, Private cars scooters, Public Goods Agric. Other All and vans mopeds transport vehicles tractors etc 1961 6,100 1,840 94 1,490 481 206 10,200 1966 9,700 1,430 96 1,610 478 260 13,600 1971 12,400 1,030 108 1,660 450 250 15,900 1976 14,400 1,240 115 1,800 414 300 18,200 1981 15,600 1,380 112 1,771 370 510 19,800 Source: Plain Figures

Table 4.15: Motor vehicles currently licensed: columns re-arranged in decreasing order of averages United Kingdom, 1961 to 1981 Thousands   Year Type of vehicle Motor-cycles, Private cars Goods scooters, Agric. Public Other All and vans vehicles mopeds tractors etc transport 1961 6,100 1,490 1,840 481 94 206 10,200 1966 9,700 1,610 1,430 478 96 260 13,600 1971 12,400 1,660 1,030 450 108 250 15,900 1976 14,400 1,800 1,240 414 115 300 18,200 1981 15,600 1,771 1,380 370 112 510 19,800 Source: Plain Figures

Table 4.16: Motor vehicles currently licensed: column averages included United Kingdom, 1961 to 1981 Thousands   Year Type of vehicle Motor-cycles, . Private cars Goods scooters, Agric Public Other All and vans vehicles mopeds tractors etc transport 1961 6,100 1,490 1,840 481 94 206 10,200 1966 9,700 1,610 1,430 478 96 260 13,600 1971 12,400 1,660 1,030 450 108 250 15,900 1976 14,400 1,800 1,240 414 115 300 18,200 1981 15,600 1,771 1,380 370 112 510 19,800 Average 11,600 1,670 1,390 440 105 15,500 Source: Plain Figures

Table 4.17: Motor vehicles currently licensed: simplified version of table United Kingdom, 1961 to 1981 Thousands   Year Type of vehicle Motor-cycles, Public transport, Private cars Goods scooters, agric. tractors, All and vans vehicles mopeds others 1961 6,100 1,490 1,800 780 10,200 1966 9,700 1,610 1,400 830 13,600 1971 12,400 1,660 1,000 810 15,900 1976 14,400 1,200 820 18,200 1981 15,600 1,771 19,800 Average 11,600 1,670 1,390 850 15,500 Source: Plain Figures

Registered cars and vans Minimal summary Car and van numbers more than doubled; Other vehicle numbers static. Millions Year Registered cars and vans Other vehicles 1961 6 4 1981 16

Understanding Data Know your audience Effective Digits Use the minimum number of digits necessary 9

Understanding Data Know your audience Effective Digits Use the minimum number of digits necessary Arrange the numbers to ease interpretation 10

Totals of columns and rows 23 16 42 30 + 23 16 42 30 + + + = 11

Quantification There are two aspects: What to present How to present ‘Extracting information from a table is like extracting sunlight from a cucumber’ (Farqhuar and Farqhuar, 1891) There are two aspects: What to present How to present For both, need to know audience 12

What to present: information that is .. Clear Concise Correct Consistent Current (for websites) 13

How to present ... (or not) Population of part of Europe 1995 Country Total population France 58020376 Denmark 5215732 Germany 81538628 United Kingdom 58491643 Luxembourg 406589 Total 203672968 14

How to present ... (or not) Population of part of Europe 1995 Country Total population France 58020376 Denmark 5215732 Germany 81538628 United Kingdom 58491643 Luxembourg 406589 Total 203672968 15

How to present ... (or not) Population of part of Europe 1995 Country Total population France 58,020,376 Denmark 5,215,732 Germany 81,538,628 United Kingdom 58,491,643 Luxembourg 406,589 Total 203,672,968 16

Total population (Millions) Or maybe… Population of part of Europe 1995 Country Total population (Millions) Per cent of total Germany 81.5 40.0 United Kingdom 58.5 28.7 France 58.0 28.5 Denmark 5.2 2.6 Luxembourg 0.4 0.2 Total 203.7 100.0 17

So, from this example .. Fewer digits, effective rounding Easier to understand Easier to remember More information Better information Some value added 18

Number of unemployed by State (1971-74)

Unemployed: States ordered by 4-year average 20

Poor examples of tables 21

Number and proportion of registrations by region

Rounding; Comparison with previous year Le Figaro, 21 August 2015, page 23 Rounding; Comparison with previous year 24

FT 29.05.15, page 3 Justification 25

Proportional typeface FT Money 21.11.15, page 13 Proportional typeface 26

Rounding; differential rounding; order of columns. FT fm 23.11.15, page 10 Rounding; differential rounding; order of columns. 27

1st column: Millions on line 1 only? Table: Proportional font? Table ad_01: Passenger arrivals including EEA and Swiss nationals Number of journeys 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total (millions) 97.2 101.9 104.7 109.5 107.5 101.4 101.5 105.9 106.7 Non-EEA nationals 12.0 11.8 12.9 13.4 12.6 12.3 12.5 13.3 EEA Nationals of which: 85.2 90.1 91.9 96.1 95.0 89.1 89.0 92.6 93.8 - British Citizens 68.2 69.4 69.6 71.9 70.4 62.5 60.9 62.8 63.2 - Other EEA and Swiss Nationals 17.0 20.7 22.3 24.2 24.6 26.7 28.1 29.8 30.6 Immigration statistics, April to June 2013 1st column: Millions on line 1 only? Table: Proportional font? 28

Admissions by purpose of journey – non-EEA nationals   Total admissions Work Study Student visitors(1) Family Visitors Other 2008 12.6 million 183,000 248,000 140,000 45,400 7.0 million 5.0 million 2009 12.3 million 161,000 291,000 198,000 36,600 6.9 million 4.8 million 2010 12.5 million 163,000 296,000 240,000 37,400 4.7 million 2011 13.3 million 149,000 267,000 262,000 32,300 7.9 million 2012 12.9 million 142,000 211,000 299,000 27,300 7.7 million 4.5 million Change: latest year -0.4 million -6,160 -56,100 +37,100 -4,990 -0.2 million Percentage change -3% -4% -21% +14% -15% Immigration statistics, April to June 2013 1st column: Left justification Repeat ‘million’ in cells Proportional font Percentage of percentage

Principles of Tables Round to two effective digits Compare numbers in columns not rows Lay table out to be read left to right and top to bottom Totals to right and bottom of table 30

Principles of Tables cont. Time running down or from left to right Arrange columns and rows in natural or size order Use layout to guide the eye Make tables as simple as possible 31

Exercise 1: Unemployment data 32

Unemployment exercise purposes To show layout is important To understand that comparisons can be assisted by design To think through the media for outputs possibly having different formats To reinforce basic principles of looking at data 36