Learning liudexiang

contents Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive learning

Classical learning *Learning: the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.

Classical learning *Classical conditioning: the type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus.

Classical learning *Unconditioned stimulus (US): A stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way. *Unconditioned response (UR): A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs.

Classical learning *Conditioned stimulus (CS) : An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone. *Conditioned response (CR) : After conditioning, the response an organism produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented.

Pavlov’s apparatus for classically conditioning a dog to salivate

Operant conditioning Operant conditioning: the type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments. Operant behavior: behavior designed to operant on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.

Operant conditioning Reinforcer: a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. Punisher: a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

Operant conditioning Law of effect: Thorndike’s theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be “stamped in” as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be “ stamped out.”

Skinner box A box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur. ( )

Operant conditioning *Shaping : reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior. Positive reinforcer: any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. Negative reinforcer: any event whose reduction or termination increaces the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.

Operant conditioning Learned helplessness: failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli.

Extinction Extinction: a decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, of a learned response because of failure to continue paring the US and CS or withholding of reinforcement.

Spontaneous recovery Spontaneous recovery : the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without training.

Stimulus generalization *Stimulus generalization: the transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli.

Stimulus discrimination *Stimulus discrimination: learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli.

Response generalization Giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus.

Primary reinforcer *Primary reinforcer: a reinforcer that is rewarding in itself, such as food, water, and sex.

Secondary reinforcer *Secondary reinforcer: a reinforcer whose value is acquired through association with other primary or secondary reinforcers.

Cognitive learning *Cognitive learning : learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable.

Latent learning Latent learning: learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change.

Cognitive map Cognitive map : a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change.

Observational learning Observational learning : learning by observing other people’s behavior.

Vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment Reinforcement or publishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models.

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