Staphylococcus aureus Stimulates Neutrophil Targeting Chemokine Expression in Keratinocytes through an Autocrine IL-1α Signaling Loop Florina Olaru,

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Staphylococcus aureus Stimulates Neutrophil Targeting Chemokine Expression in Keratinocytes through an Autocrine IL-1α Signaling Loop Florina Olaru, Liselotte E. Jensen Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 130, Issue 7, Pages 1866-1876 (July 2010) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.37 Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 IL-1 induces CXC chemokine expression in keratinocytes. Primary neonatal keratinocytes (lot 143) were treated with medium only or increasing concentrations of IL-1β as indicated. Total RNA and culture medium were collected after 1.5, 3, 6, and 24hours. (a) CXCL1 and CXCL2 mRNA levels were determined using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and the comparative CT method. CXCL1 and CXCL2 mRNA levels were normalized against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA levels and graphically represented as mean fold change±SD in comparison to cells treated with medium only. (b) CXCL1 and CXCL2 protein levels (mean±SD) in the culture medium were determined using ELISA. (c) IL-8 mRNA and protein levels were determined as described in (a) and (b). *P<0.05 (compared with cells treated with medium only and collected at the same time point). **P<0.01 (compared with cells treated with medium only and collected at the same time point). ND, not determined. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 1866-1876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.37) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Staphylococcus aureus increases CXC chemokine expression in keratinocytes. Primary neonatal keratinocytes (lot 164) were treated with medium only or increasing amounts of HKSA as indicated. Total RNA and culture medium were collected after 1, 3, 6, and 24hours. (a) CXCL1, CXCL2, and IL-8 mRNA levels were determined using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and the comparative CT method. CXCL1, CXCL2, and IL-8 mRNA levels were normalized against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA levels and graphically represented as mean fold change±SD in comparison to cells treated with medium only. (b) CXCL1, CXCL2, and IL-8 protein levels in the culture medium were determined using ELISA. *P<0.05 (compared with cells treated with medium only and collected at the same time point). **P<0.01 (compared with cells treated with medium only and collected at the same time point). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 1866-1876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.37) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 CXC chemokine expression is TLR2 dependent. KERTr cells were pre-treated with TLR2-specific antibodies (gray bars; MAb, monoclonal mouse (a–c) or PAb, polyclonal rat (d–f)). Control cells were treated with species- and isotype-matched normal IgG (open bars; mouse IgG2a (a–c) or rat IgG (d–f)). After 2hours, medium, HKSA, LTA, or PGN was added to the medium. Secretion of the CXC chemokines, CXCL1 (a, d), CXCL2 (b, e), and IL-8 (c, f), was determined after 20hours by ELISA. Data are shown as mean±SD. *P<0.05 (compared with same Ig- and medium-treated cells unless marked otherwise with bar below). **P<0.01 (compared with same Ig- and medium-treated cells unless marked otherwise with bar below). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 1866-1876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.37) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 IL-1α and IL-1β expression and secretion are enhanced by Staphylococcus aureus. Primary neonatal keratinocytes (lot 164) were treated with medium only or increasing amounts of heat-killed S. aureus (HKSA) as indicated. Total RNA and culture medium were collected after 1, 3, 6, and 24hours. (a) IL-1α and (b) IL-1β mRNA levels were determined using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and the comparative CT method. IL-1α and IL-1β mRNA levels were normalized against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA levels and graphically represented as mean fold change±SD in comparison to cells treated with medium only. (c) IL-1α and (d) IL-1β protein levels (mean±SD) in the culture medium were determined using ELISA. *P<0.05 (compared with cells treated with medium only and collected at the same time point). **P<0.01 (compared with cells treated with medium only and collected at the same time point). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 1866-1876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.37) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Staphylococcus aureus-induced CXC chemokine expression is dependent upon IL-1RI signaling. (a–c) Primary adult keratinocytes (lot 070504–901) were pre-treated with goat anti-human IL-1RI antibodies (polyclonal antibody (PAb) hIL-1RI, gray bars) or normal goat IgG (open bars). After 2hours, medium, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), or peptidoglycan (PGN) was added to the medium. Secretion of the CXC chemokines (a) CXCL1, (b) CXCL2, and (c) IL-8 was determined after 20hours by ELISA. Data are shown as mean±SD. *P<0.05 (compared with same Ig- and medium-treated cells unless marked otherwise with bar below). **P<0.01 (compared with same Ig- and medium-treated cells unless marked otherwise with bar below). (d) Cells were pre-treated with PAb hIL-1RI or normal goat IgG for 2hours. Medium, 10ngml−1 IL-1α, or 10ngml−1 IL-1β was added to the culture medium, and expression of CXCL1 (open bars), CXCL2 (light gray), and IL-8 (dark gray bars) was examined after 20hours. Increased chemokine expression in samples from IL-1-treated cells was calculated by subtracting protein levels in Ig-matched samples from cells not receiving IL-1. Data are shown as mean±SD. **P<0.01 (compared with isotype-matched normal IgG and same IL-1 isoform). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 1866-1876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.37) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 IL-1α, but not IL-1β, contributes to constitutive CXC chemokine expression. (a, c), Primary adult keratinocytes (lot 452309) were treated with polyclonal rabbit anti-human IL-1α (polyclonal antibody (PAb) hIL-1α, a), monoclonal mouse anti-human IL-1β (MAb hIL-1β, a), or monoclonal mouse anti-human IL-1α antibodies (MAb hIL-1α, c). Control cells were treated with species- and isotype-matched normal IgG. Secretion of the CXC chemokines CXCL1 (open bars), CXCL2 (light gray bars), and IL-8 (dark gray) was determined after 22hours by ELISA. Data are shown as mean±SD. **P<0.01 (compared with isotype-matched normal IgG). (b) Cells were pre-treated with PAb hIL-1α, MAb hIL-1β, or appropriate species- and isotype-matched normal IgG for 2hours. Medium, 10ngml−1 IL-1α, or 10ngml−1 IL-1β was added to the culture medium, and expression of CXCL1 (open bars), CXCL2 (light gray), and IL-8 (dark gray bars) was examined after 20hours. Increased chemokine expression in samples from IL-1-treated cells was calculated by subtracting protein levels in Ig-matched samples from cells not receiving IL-1. Data are shown as mean±SD. **P<0.01 (compared with isotype-matched normal IgG and same IL-1 isoform). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 1866-1876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.37) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Staphylococcus aureus-induced CXC chemokine expression is IL-1α, but not IL-1β, dependent. Primary adult and neonatal keratinocytes (lot 452309 and lot 158, respectively) were pre-treated with (a) MAb hIL-1β, (b) MAb hIL-1α, or (c) polyclonal antibody (PAb) hIL-1α. Control cells were incubated with appropriate species- and isotype-matched normal IgG. After 2hours, medium, LTA, PGN (adult cells), or HKSA (neonatal cells) was added to the culture medium, and expression of CXCL1 (open bars), CXCL2 (light gray), and IL-8 (dark gray bars) was examined after 20hours. Increased chemokine expression in samples from LTA-, PGN-, or HKSA-treated cells was calculated by subtracting protein levels in Ig-matched samples from cells not receiving LTA, PGN, or HKSA. Data are shown as mean±SD. *P<0.05 (compared with isotype-matched normal IgG). **P<0.01 (compared with isotype-matched normal IgG). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 1866-1876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2010.37) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions