Starter – Key Dates (Elizabeth) Excommunication Accession Babington Plot Tyrone Rebellion Spanish Armada Religious Settlement Ridolfi Plot MQoS arrives in England Northern Rebellion Essex Rebellion Elizabeth’s death 1559 1601 1586 1588 1558 1603 1595 1571 1568 1569 1570

Anglo-Spanish Relations 10 I am going to go over foreign policy with Spain. I do not want you to write any of the information on the following sides down. You should already have it written down! If not, you can use this PowerPoint on the blog to make additional notes in your own study time. What you are going to do, is think about how relations are changing over time, and you are going to fill in this line graph as we go along. Get students to fill in the graph after every slide 1558 1571 1588 1603

1558-1571 There is evidence of positive relations: Marriage negotiations Phillip tries to stop the Pope excommunicating Elizabeth twice Both do not wish to upset Anglo-Burgundian relations da Silva was effective BUT there was a deterioration in this period John Hawkins attempted to break the Spanish trading monopoly with the Caribbean (with Elizabeth’s support it appears). This led to the Spanish blockading the Mexican port of San Juan de Ulua (1568) The Netherlands were a loose grouping of 17 provinces. They owed allegiance to the Duke of Burgundy (Phillip of Spain), but exercised a degree of self governance. The Netherlands is very important for England, because of trade (75% of England’s overseas trade passed through Antwerp). Phillip wanted to tighter political control (increase Spanish control) Phillip despatched the Duke of Alba to deal with the presumed rebellion (this rebellion refers to the Protestants in the Netherlands) November 1568: Spanish vessels seek shelter from a storm in Devon and Cornwall. These ships had 400,000 florins on which Elizabeth decided to impound. De Silva had died and de Spes had taken over, he told the Duke of Alba to seize English ships in the Netherlands Trade came to a halt.

1571-1588 1572: Elizabeth expels Dutch sea beggars (Dutch pirates licenced by William of Orange). They are forced to land in the Dutch port of Brielle. This sparked a full-scale revolt against the Duke of Alba. Elizabeth offered English soldiers and prevented them going to Alba. Summer 1575: Spain launched a new military offensive against the Dutch rebels. Collectively, the provinces in the Netherlands created the Pacification of Ghent, which called for the expulsion of all foreign troops and restoration of the provinces autonomy (this coincides with what Elizabeth wants!). Spanish troops start vacating… In 1576 Spanish troops returned. Elizabeth promised the Dutch Estates-General £100,000 and military support if the French invade, informing Phillip II she would give military aid if he did not accept the Pacification of Ghent. Elizabeth did not keep this promise, hiring mercenary army to fight instead. 1580 the Spanish annex Portugal. Divisions in the Netherlands worsened with the emergence of the Union of Utrecht (Northern, Protestant) and Union of Arras (Southern, Catholic). Spain made the peace with the Union of Arras and allowed the NEW Governor-General (Duke of Parma) to begin his re-conquest of the North. Elizabeth adopted an Anti-Spanish position (supported Portuguese pretender Don Antonio, knighted Sir Francis Drake, and treats Spanish ambassadors in England poorly). 1580’s things still get worse. The Duke of Parma’s reconquest gained momentum, only Holland and Zeeland were in rebel hands. William of Orange was assassinated  Treaty of Joinville 1584 (Phillip and the Catholic League). Elizabeth was forced to form an alliance with Dutch rebels in the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585 (promised 6,4000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry). Leicester invades but it was a political disaster (troops treated badly, English quarrel, Leicester quarrels). Leicester tried a coup d'état, and the Dutch concluded it was a sign Elizabeth wanted to take over…

Motives for the Spanish Armada Religion Deterioration in the 1560’s 1588-1603 Motives for the Spanish Armada Religion Deterioration in the 1560’s The Netherlands Portugal and support for Portuguese pretender Don Antonio Sir Francis Drake and his attack on Spanish orts in 1585 Reasons for the failure of the Spanish Armada: It is important to realise, that the defeat of the Armada did not end the war with Spain, this would go on until after the deaths of both Phillip and Elizabeth. English Superiority Spanish Weakness Luck Sent fire ships into Spanish vessels (near Calais). Skilful enough to make the most of the disruption from sending fire ships, and engage Sidonia’s ships directly. Strategy to land in the Spanish Netherlands (Parma did not have enough control – Dutch blockaded) Duke of Medina Sidonia was a poor replacement for Santa Cruz (lacked experience) Santa Cruz died Winds were favourable to the English when they sent fire ships. North West winds obliged Sidonia to head into the North West sea.

1588-1603 War was fought for another 16 years. Elizabeth’s aims were modest: She did not want to destroy the Spanish Empire She sought national security (autonomous Netherlands) War at Sea: The queen was not persuaded by Hawkins to blockade key Spanish ports 1589: she agreed to an expedition to Portugal (destroy remaining Armada; place Don Antonio on the Portuguese throne; secure the Azores; intercept Spanish vessels) The expedition was a disaster (strategic flaws, drunkenness, poor command, disease) War at sea became a side show as the main focus became France and the Netherlands 236 vessels operated between 1589-1591, and much was privately financed

Attacks on mainland Spain and it’s colonies 1588-1603 Attacks on mainland Spain and it’s colonies English made three attacks on mainland Spain and its colonies The attention of the first attack was Panama, because Spanish treasure from Peru went to Panama before Spain. Drake planned this expedition (had lost favour) and considered Panama a Spanish weak point. Although some plunder was achieved the expedition never actually reached Panama. Drake and Hawkins's died on this expedition  1596 expedition led by Raleigh and Howard. It led to the occupation of Cadiz and they sunk 4 Spanish ships. However, they couldn’t build on the victory… 1596-7 Essex led a fleet to the Spanish port of Ferrol, with the aim of preventing the Spanish from attacking Ireland. The fleet was driven back to England because of stormy conditions. This attack would have never resulted in success however… Then Essex set off to the Azores (for treasure as opposed to military objectives_. The Spanish managed to slip past the English, but the storms prevented the Spanish reaching Ireland.

Elizabeth I: Key Individuals KNOW Who they key individuals are in Elizabeth’s reign ANALYSE Elizabeth’s relations with key individuals EVALUATE How important key individuals were during Elizabeth’s reign How important was the role of key individuals and groups and how were they affected by developments?

Key Individuals and Groups On your exam, questions have to cover at least 20 years. Therefore, for a question to be asked on key individuals/groups under Elizabeth, that person or group must be around for 20 years. TASK: On a whiteboard, write down a list of individuals/groups that you think could come up on the exam INDIVIDUALS GROUPS Mary Queen of Scots Catholics Ministers (Cecil, Dudley, Walsingham) Puritans Old Tudor Textbook KNOW Who they key individuals are in Elizabeth’s reign ANALYSE Elizabeth’s relations with key individuals EVALUATE How important key individuals were during Elizabeth’s reign

Key Individuals and Groups: Essays Each table will be given one of the following essays. Your job is to follow the tasks on the next slide to plan an answer to your question. ‘Throughout her reign, Elizabeth I controlled her ministers with masterly political skill’ Assess the validity of this view ‘Mary Queen of Scots posed a significant threat to Elizabeth in the years 1561-1587’ ‘The greatest religious threat during Elizabeth’s reign came from the Puritans’ Assess the validity of this view ‘The greatest religious threat during Elizabeth’s reign came from the Catholics’ Assess the validity of this view Get each table to do one of A4 – we collate and photocopy the best for each question?? KNOW Who they key individuals are in Elizabeth’s reign ANALYSE Elizabeth’s relations with key individuals EVALUATE How important key individuals were during Elizabeth’s reign

Key Individuals and Groups TASK 1: Plan a introduction Define Criteria Judgement (can leave if unsure) TASK 2: Plan your paragraphs Point (topic of paragraph) b) Evidence (relevant, accurate, specific) Explain (how it does/not fit your criteria) Link (back to the question/judgement) TASK 4: Transfer your final plan onto a sheet of A3. All A3 sheets will be collected, and the best of each question will be photocopied for you. TASK 3: Plan a conclusion Reassert your judgement Use your main body to prove yourself right Get each table to do one of A4 – we collate and photocopy the best for each question?? KNOW Who they key individuals are in Elizabeth’s reign ANALYSE Elizabeth’s relations with key individuals EVALUATE How important key individuals were during Elizabeth’s reign

Essay plan formats INTRODUCTION FOR AGAINST CONCLUSION KNOW Get each table to do one of A4 – we collate and photocopy the best for each question?? KNOW Who they key individuals are in Elizabeth’s reign ANALYSE Elizabeth’s relations with key individuals EVALUATE How important key individuals were during Elizabeth’s reign

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