Atomic Structure Ch. 4.

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Presentation transcript:

Atomic Structure Ch. 4

Early Theories of Matter Ancient Philosophers Air, Earth, Fire, Water Matter could be endlessly divided

Matter is composed of empty space through which atomos move Democritus (460 – 370 B.C.) Matter is made of tiny indivisible, indestructible, solid particles called atomos. Matter is composed of empty space through which atomos move Different kinds of atomos have different shapes and sizes Ideas rejected Largely by Aristotle

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms Atoms of a given element are identical Atoms of a specific element are different from those of any other element Different atoms combine in whole # ratios to form compounds Chemical Rxn atoms are rearranged

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that given element.

Subatomic Particles Relationship between matter and electric charge How will electricity behave in the absence of matter William Crookes English Physicist Noticed a flash of light Cathode Ray

Cathode Ray Tubes

The negative particles in the ray are found in all matter. By the late 1800s Cathode Rays were actually a stream of charged particles The particles carried a negative charge The negative particles in the ray are found in all matter. Called Electrons

J. J. Thomson Dalton Was Wrong!!!! Determine the ratio of the charge to mass of the electron Mass was much less than a Hydrogen atom Dalton Was Wrong!!!!

4.2: Continued Robert Milikan 1909 Mass of Electron Determined the charge of the electron 1% of current value Mass of Electron 9.1 x 10-28 g 1/1840 mass of Hydrogen atom

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

Ernest Rutherford From New Zealand 1908 Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1911 studying alpha particles Gold Foil Experiment

Rutherford concluded: The plum pudding model was incorrect There was a tiny dense, region centrally located in the atom that containing all the positive charge The nucleus Came up with a new atomic model

1920 Rutherford concludes the nucleus of an atom contains positively charged particles called protons James Chadwick Coworker of Rutherford Showed the nucleus contained a neutral subatomic particle called a neutron