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Respiration The process in which organisms breakdown glucose.

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Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.59 Figure 3 Altered energy and glutamine metabolism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) Figure 3 | Altered energy and glutamine metabolism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In ccRCC, aerobic glycolysis, lactate fermentation, carnitine and lipid synthesis, reductive carboxylation and the glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) pathway are upregulated, whereas energy production through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is downregulated. These altered metabolic pathways provide opportunities for therapy: increased lactate fermentation can be targeted using the hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-α) inhibitor PT2385; fatty acid synthesis can be inhibited using the fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor TVB-2640; and glutamine metabolism can be inhibited using the glutaminase (GLS) inhibitor CB-839. ACAT1, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; ALDO, aldolase; ENO, enolase; FA, fatty acid; F6P, fructose 6-phosphate; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; GLUT-1, glucose transporter 1; GPI, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; GPX1, glutathione peroxidase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; HADH, hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; HK, hexokinase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; LDH-A, lactate dehydrogenase A; MCAD, medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; PFKP, phosphofructokinase; PGK, phosphoglycerate kinase; PKM2, pyruvate kinase 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1; SCEH, short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; VLCAD, very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Wettersten, H. I. et al. (2017) Metabolic reprogramming in clear cell renal cell carcinoma Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.59