Prečo je variabilita vhodným ukazovateľom rizika

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Presentation transcript:

Prečo je variabilita vhodným ukazovateľom rizika Vladimír Gazda

História Williams, J.B. (1983): The Theory of Investment Value, Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts

Discounted Cash Flow Ai sú očakávané výnosy (+) resp. náklady (-) súvisiace s projektom (1+r) je úročiteľ NPV je čistá súčasná hodnota

História Bernoulli, Daniel (1738): Commentaries of the Imperial Academy of Science of St. Petersburg. Sommer, L. (1954): Exposition of the NewTheory on the Measurment of the Risk. Econometrica, 22, 22-36

Petrohradský paradox Experiment Hádzanie mincou až do pokusu k, v ktorom padne HLAVA Výhra hráča sa rovná 2k-1 peňažných jednotiek Stredná hodnota hry je Nikto nebol ochotný za možnosť zúčastniť sa hry zaplatiť vysoké čiastky

Petrohradský paradox Závery Pravidlo u(E(x)) je zlým a pravidlo E(u(x)) je dobrým pravidlom rozhodovania dx je prírastok majetku z hry, E(.) je stredná hodnota, u(.) je úžitková funkcia

História Von Neumann, J. – Morgenstern, O. (1944): Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press

Von Neumann, Morgenstern Rozšírenie neoklasického sytému axióm o predpoklady vzťahujúce sa k neistému výsledku hry (lotérie) Dôledkom zavedenej axiomatiky je veta o očakávanej úžitočnosti, v ktorej sa potvrdzuje pravidlo E(u(x)) Naďalej platí, že u je spojitá, monotónna, konkávna funkcia

Markowitz

Jensenova nerovnosť Pre funkciu úžitku platí Dôkaz

História Friedman, M. – Savage, L. (1948): The Utility Analysis of Choices involving Risk. Journal of Political Economy, 56, p.279-304.

U(E(x)) E(U(x)) Riziková prémia x1 E(x) x2

Miera rizika Arrow – Prattova miera relatívnej averzie k riziku

Prospektívna teória Kahneman,D.– Tversky,A. (1979): Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica XLVII Alternatívne miery rizika –semivariancia, Downside Risk