The Respiratory System 13-A (17 Slides) The Respiratory System

Ch 13 RESPIRATORY SYS OUTLINE I Introduction II Anatomy and Function of Pathway Organs To The Lungs A. Nose … … F. Primary Bronchi III Lung Anatomy & General Functions A. Gross Anatomy, B. Respiratory Zone (micro) IV Specifics of Respiratory Functioning– The 4 Events Of Respiration A. Pulmonary Ventilation B. External Respiration C. Respiratory Gas Transport D. Internal Respiration V. Control of Respiration A. Neural Factors B. Chemical Factors VI Respiratory Disorders

I. Introduction A. *Overall Functions *Lungs: function? *Gases = which ones exchanged? B. *Passageways to the lungs: List organs C. *Where gas exchange occurs: What particular part of the lungs? Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Primary Bronchi Lungs

Organs of the Respiratory System Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lung-alveoli Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main (primary) bronchus Left lung Right lung Diaphragm

II. Anatomy & Functions of Pathway Organs to Lungs A. The Nose 1. External Opening of Nose = ? 2. Nasal Cavity Olfactory receptors: function? b. Respiratory mucosa: - Air Warms: why? Mucus: function? Cilia: function c. Conchae: Shape of lateral walls of Cavity and Function?

d. *Palate = define hard palate soft palate Disorder: Cleft Lip A. Nose … 2. Nasal Cavity … d. *Palate = define hard palate soft palate Disorder: Cleft Lip

Parts … B. Paranasal Sinuses Sinuses: around nasal cavity = Functions: Skull weight 2) speech: 3) mucus

Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Nostril Hard palate Soft palate Tongue (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract Figure 13.2b

Parts … C. Pharynx = Throat a. *Define: b. *Substances that travel through the Pharynx: ? c. *3 regions: what are they? d. Auditory (Pharyngotympanic) tubes e. Tonsils (3): Pharyngeal Tonsils Palantine Tonsils Lingual Tonsils

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasal cavity Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Nasal vestibule Uvula Nostril Oropharynx Hard palate Palatine tonsil Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Epiglottis Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Trachea Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract Figure 13.2b

Parts … D. Larynx (Voice Box) 1. Structure & location a. *Tissue it is made of: ? b. Thyroid Cartilage c. Epiglottis Location Shape Function d. *Vocal Cords - *Function Epiglottis Thyroid Cartilage

E. Trachea (Windpipe): 1. *Location: 2. Lined with: Mucus Cilia *Function: Mucus and cilia together function how? *“C” Cartilage parts: Why open in back? Function: (1) pathway of air (2) clean air (3) food in esoph. Cilia Esophagus Trachea

F. Main (Primary) Bronchi = 2 tubes extend from: And Go To: Then, Bronchi subdivide: = Bronchial Tree (to be continued) Primary Bronchi

Heart (in mediastinum) Posterior Vertebra Esophagus (in posterior mediastinum) Root of lung at hilum Right lung Left main bronchus Left pulmonary artery Parietal pleura Left pulmonary vein Visceral pleura Left lung Pleural cavity Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Pericardial membranes Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Sternum Anterior (b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown. Figure 13.4b

III. Lungs Anatomy & General Functions A. Gross Anatomy 1. Composition *Location: *Diaphragm: location relative to diaphragm? 3. Parts: divided into lobes Left lung—2 Right lung—3 4. *Coverings: *Outside = Serosa Membrane: parts? Pleural cavity *Fluid: type?

(in pericardial cavity of mediastinum) Intercostal muscle Rib Parietal pleura Lung Pleural cavity Trachea Visceral pleura Thymus Apex of lung Left superior lobe Right superior lobe Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Left inferior lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in pericardial cavity of mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. Figure 13.4a

5. Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions Function: Parts: Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi etc … Microscopic Bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Lead to:

B. Respiratory Zone (Microscopic) Alveolar Duct Respiratory bronchioles Alveoli (air sacs): STRUCTURE: Tissue: Surrounded by: Alveolar macrophages: Surfactant: Alveolar Sac Alveoli Macrophage Surfactant- secreting cell Inside an Alveolus Red blood cell in capillary

5. Respiratory Zone … Function of ALVEOLI: *Respiratory Membrane = ? *Gases exchanged at Respiratory Membrane = ? Red blood cell Endothelial cell nucleus Capillary Alveolar pores O2 Capillary O2 CO2 CO2 Macrophage Alveolus Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Respiratory membrane Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes Capillary endothelium

Figure 13.5b

IV. Specifics Of Respiratory Functioning– Four Events of Respiration OVERVIEW Pulmonary Ventilation— moving air in & out of the lungs (2) External respiration— gas exchange at alveoli (3) Respiratory gas transport—in blood

(4) Internal respiration— gas exchange between blood and cells OVERVIEW … (4) Internal respiration— gas exchange between blood and cells Capillaries Body Cells

III. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION– Four Events of Respiration … A III. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION– Four Events of Respiration … A. Pulmonary Ventilation Depends on volume of thoracic cavity and air Pressure Increase volume  decreases pressure Air flows from high to low pressure Passive VentilationTwo phases 1. Inspiration = inhalation Diaphragm contracts External Intercostals contract Result:

Active Ventilation 2. Expiration = exhalation Muscles relax Diaphragm External Intercostals Elasticity of lungs important Active Ventilation