Microbiology: Kingdom Monera (Now Kingdom Archaebacteria/Eubacteria)

The origin of life Spontaneous Generation – organic from inorganic Mice from grain? Bees from cattle? Lazzaro Spallanzani says NAY! Boiling Pasteur Curved necks

The first signs of life 1. Meteor showers + high volcanic activity 2. CO2, CO, H2, N2, CH4, NH3 atmosphere 3. Liquid water shows up 4. prokaryotes (~3.5 billion) Lake Superior Neat eh?

Miller and Urey Made soup of molecules Meteors with life? Urea, amino acids, lactic acid Organic compounds Uracil/Cytosine Meteors with life? Amino acids linking together Dividing droplets

Taking the first step Chicken/Egg scenario RNA likely 1st Enzymes vs. Enzyme production RNA likely 1st 1st cells prokaryotic – bacteria like Heterotrophic (food from soup) Anaerobes Live without oxygen

Evolving past the soup Food would run out Natural selection favours those who can harness energy Photosynthesis (modified) – H2S instead of H2O Autotrophs Food from light Eg. Stromalites

Moving towards multicellular Changes in earth atmosphere Oxygen and Aerobics Sexual Reproduction mutations Endocytosis of Pieces Mitochondria Chloroplasts

Endosymbiont Hypothesis Phagocytosis Host Cell incorporates specialized bacteria Created Eukaryotes Symbiotes Cyanophoa paradoxa Blue-green algae chloroplasts

Prokaryotes revisited – Type 1: Eubacteria No nucleus Eubacteria 1-10 micrometers Cell wall (carbohydrates) Cytoplasm Cell membrane Flagella Huge Variety

Eg. Cyanobacteria Blue-green bacteria (≠ blue -green algae) Photosynthetic (autotrophic) Contain chlorophyll and phycocyanin No chloroplasts Photosynthesis in membranes fresh water/salt water/land Grow in hot springs and snow!

Type 2: Archaebacteria Lack important cell wall carbohydrate, different lipids, different ribosomes, different genes…. Live in harsh/extreme conditions Digestive tracts Salt lakes Boiling hot springs

Make A Chart – 1. Shapes Sphere - cocci Rod - bacilli Spiral - spirilla

Make a chart: 2. Obtaining Energy Autotrophs – energy trappers Phototrophic – energy from sun Photosynthetic eubacteria Chemotrophic – energy from inorganic molecules (H2S, Fe etc) Heterotrophs – energy eaters Phototrophic – need sunlight for energy, food for nutrition Chemotrophic – break down organic molecules and absorb Eg animals

Make a chart: 3. Respiration Need a constant supply of energy Respiration and fermentation Obligate Aerobes Bacteria, people Obligate Anaerobes Poisoned by O2 Facultative Anaerobes no problems

Make a chart: 4. Growth/Reproduction Binary Fission No recombination/exchange of genes Asexual Eg. E.coli Conjugation Sexual reproduction Protein bridge (donor/recipient) Spore Formation Conditions unfavourable Endospore – thick coating

Bacterial Importance Pt 1 Foods/Beverages Cheese, yogurt, sour cream Industry Digesting oil! Mining Synthesizing drugs Symbiosis Intestines Making vitamins Digesting food

Bacterial Importance Pt. 2 Nutrient flow Break down dead material - decomposition Nitrogen fixation, nitrification Sewage Decomposition

What to know Early experiments (including spontaneous generation) How early earth was different (and why important) Hetero vs. Autotroph Anaerobe vs. Aerobe Endosymbiont Hypothesis Eubacteria vs. Archbacteria Chart Shapes, energy, respiration, growth and reproduction Importance of Bacteria