Maintenance Respiration Photosynthesis Maintenance Respiration 6 4 2 6 15 30 Temperature (C) g CO2 g-1 s-1 4 Growth Respiration Foliage g CO2 g-1 s-1 0.5 -10 25 60 Temperature (C) g CO2 g-1 s-1 2 500 1000 PPFD (mol m-2 s-1) 6 4 2 6 500 1000 Ambient CO2 (ppm) g CO2 g-1 s-1 4 g CO2 g-1 s-1 Sapwood 2 0.01 -10 25 60 Temperature (C) g CO2 g-1 s-1 -1 -2 Foliage Water Potential (MPa) 6 4 2 6 1 Foliage Nitrogen (%) g CO2 g-1 s-1 4 g CO2 g-1 s-1 2 Root 0.3 -10 25 60 Temperature (C) g CO2 g-1 s-1 1500 3000 Vapor Pressure Deficit (Pa) Figure 19.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Carbon Dioxide Uptake (mg CO2) 80 Photosynthesis 70 60 Shoot Respiration 50 Carbon Dioxide Uptake (mg CO2) 40 30 20 Root Respiration 10 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Figure 19.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan 120 130 140 150 160 170 Beech Maple Growing Season (days) 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Elevation (meters) Figure 19.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

61 m Average Flowering Date: April 18 Average Flowering Date: April 12 North-Facing 45 South-Facing 10 000 9000 8000 7000 6000 Cumulative Degree-Hours Above 4.4C 5000 4000 South-Facing 3000 2000 North-Facing 1000 08-Feb-63 15-Feb-63 22-Feb-63 01-Mar-63 08-Mar-63 15-Mar-63 22-Mar-63 29-Mar-63 05-Apr-63 12-Apr-63 19-Apr-63 26-Apr-63 03-May-63 Figure 19.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure 19.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

1000 Height (mm) 100 10 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 Seed Weight (mg) 6 5 Chinese chestnut Honey locust N. red oak Height (mm) 100 White pine Red maple Yellow poplar Sumac Gray birch Sweet birch 10 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 Seed Weight (mg) 6 Sweet birch 5 Gray birch Sumac 4 Yellow poplar White pine Mortality 3 Red maple 2 N. red oak Honey locust 1 Chinese chestnut 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 Seed Weight (mg) Figure 19.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Biomass Allocation (%) Flower Buds Flowers 100 Seeds 80 Leaves 60 Receptacles Biomass Allocation (%) Dead Leaves 40 Stems Hypocotyl 20 Roots August September October Seedling Mature Figure 19.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Biomass Allocation (%) 100 80 Foliage 60 Flower Biomass Allocation (%) 40 Stem 20 6 Jul 15 Jun 27 Jul 17 Aug 7 Sep 21 Sep 5 Oct Seedling Mature Figure 19.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8 40 5 10 15 20 25 Stem Diameter (cm) 50 100 150 200 Stem Biomass (kg) 5 10 15 20 25 Stem Diameter (cm) 50 100 150 200 Stem Biomass (kg) Jack Pine Black Spruce Aspen 6 30 4 Branch Biomass (kg) 20 Foliage Biomass (kg) 2 10 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 Stem Diameter (cm) Stem Diameter (cm) Figure 19.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

50 40 ) 2 Cool, wet 30 (0.15 m 2 per cm 2 ) Leaf Area (m 20 Warm, dry 10 (0.09 m 2 per cm 2 ) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Sapwood Area (cm 2 ) Figure 19.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Typical Maturity (years) 80 350 Average 70 300 60 50 100 150 200 250 50 Typical Maturity (years) 40 Typical Longevity (years) 30 20 10 Moderately Slow Very Fast Slow Moderately Fast 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Typical Longevity (years) Shade intolerant Shade tolerant Figure 19.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

75 25 50 100 Competition Disturbance Stress C S R C-S S-R C-S-R C-R 75 25 50 100 Competition Disturbance Stress 100 25 75 Disturbance Competition 50 50 75 25 100 100 75 50 25 Annual herbs Stress Biennial herbs Trees and shrubs Lichens Perennial herbs and ferns Bryophytes Figure 19.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Latitude (degrees North) Latitude (degrees North) 50 50 Broadleaf evergreen 40 40 Needleleaf evergreen 30 30 Percent Of Land Percent Of Land Broadleaf deciduous 20 20 Needleleaf deciduous 10 10 90 75 60 45 30 15 -15 -30 90 75 60 45 30 15 -15 -30 Latitude (degrees North) Latitude (degrees North) Figure 19.13 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan