Plants, Animals and Ecology Notes

Bellwork Mon.:May 1, 2017 The dominant stuctures in mosses are the (sporophyte or gametophyte.) The dominant stuctures in us and higher plants are the (sporophytes or gametophytes.)

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Plants Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae

What makes a plant a plant? Cell wall primarily of cellulose

Starch as primary photosynthetic storage product

Multicellular with tissue development

Chlorophylls a & b, xanthophylls, carotenoids

Plant evolution From simple to complex: Seedless non-vascular: mosses, liverworts 2. Seedless vascular: ferns, horsetails

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBPLKUTtXBM&list=PL9F64F28702C824B5

Plant evolution simplified From simple to complex: 3. Seed producing, vascular: cone bearing trees – pines firs… 4. Seed producing, vascular, fruits/flowers monocots: one seed leaf dicots: two seed leaves

Seedless/Nonvascular: Bryophytes: Mosses Primitive plants Need aquatic environment Do not have vascular system to transport water must remain small

In mosses, liverworts and hornworts the gametophyte is the dominant organism, not the sporophyte (it would be like the egg and sperm being the dominate organisms in humans)

Moss sporophytes and gametophytes

Moss sporophytes

Liverwort

Liverwort antheridiophore

Liverwort antheridiophore 2

Liverwort gemmae cups(cupules)

Hornwort sporophytes gametophyte

Seedless vascular Plants: Ferns Leaves: fronds Sori: produce the spores Sporophyte is the dominant organism (like us)

Horsetail

Sori on fern leaflets

Fern gametophytes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZ40LDWt678

Gametophyte w/antheridia (prothallus) Antheridia sperm

Seed Producing Vascular plants: Gymnosperms “naked seed” seed not enclosed in a fruit Seeds produced in cones Sporophyte is the dominant organism (like us)

Pinus staminate (male pollen) cones

Pinus Ovulate (female seed) cone (mature)

Cycadophyta (male)

Cycadophyta

Seed Producing Vascular Flowering Plants - Angiosperms Seeds enclosed in a fruit (angio = container) Like other pollen producers, is not dependent on water for fertilization Monocots: 1 seed leaf, parallel veins Dicots: 2 seed leaves, branching veins

Bellwork: Tues. May 2, 2017 Gymnosperms means ___________ seed. Angiosperms are _________________ plants, and have seeds enclosed by a _____________ or nut! Fireman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqgS6b3qrV4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gI2RxzAT-ww

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmzbQsIdaFw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFkOmtpFFg0&list=PLec1lxRhYOztQbAS5y4VJr_e5Yx39if2O&index=13

ironwoodwilson.wordpress.com https://ironwoodwilson.wordpress.com/

Flowers are the plant's reproductive structures. Angiosperms are plants that bear fruits and flowers. “Perfect” flowers both male and female. “Imperfect” flowers are either male or female. Most flowers and are brightly colored to attract insects to help them carry pollen used for sexual reproduction.

Some flowers are not colorful – like grass Some flowers are not colorful – like grass. These flowers usually use the wind for pollination. This flower has both male and female reproductive parts.

Flower

696!!

Lie detect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPgpRw9tiuM April 20 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JhVvlQaG8c

Anthers

Inflorescences

Vascular tissue Transport water, nutrients and food between roots and shoots System of xylem and phloem cells Varied organization in roots & shoots

Xylem cells Tracheids Vessel elements Transpiration Tapered, pits on ends, less capillary action vs. vessel elements Primitive plants Vessel elements Pits on sides, open ends Stacked to form long tubes Advanced capillary action Less primitive plants Transpiration Roots → shoots → leaves → out

Phloem cells Sieve tubes Companion cells Translocation no nucleus nor organelles Open sieve plates Companion cells Nucleated Adjoined to sieve tubes via plasmodesmata Controls sieve tubes; regulates movement Translocation Movement of sugars; sources to sinks leaves → roots, fruits, &/or meristems

Plant Structure Apical meristem Ground meristem Mitotic division Stem & root tips Primary growth (length) Ground meristem Ground tissues: Parenchyma – large; storage Collenchyma – smaller; flexible support Schlerenchyma – lignified; rigid support; woody Cambium Mitotic secondary growth e.g. Vascular cambium e.g. Cork cambium

Leaf bud Ground meristem

Leaf bud Apical meristem Mitotic embryonic tissue of stems and root tips Primary growth (linear Leaf bud Provascular tissue Ground meristem Apical meristem

Monocot root Dicot root Vascular bundles centered in roots Cortex = outer layer Pith = center tissue Stele = pith + vascular tissue

Monocot root 2 Parenchyma Pith (Parenchyma)

Monocot root 3 Endodermis

Dicot root 2 Parenchyma

Dicot root 3 Endodermis and casparian strip Pericycle Phloem Xylem Vascular cambium

Vascular bundles Cambium Xylem, phloem, and cambium in between Scattered throughout monocot stems Organized around periphery of dicots Cambium Mitotic secondary growth e.g. Vascular cambium e.g. Cork cambium

Monocot stem

Monocot stem 2 Sclerenchyma Outside Phloem Sieve element Companion cell Xylem vessel Air space Inside

Dicot stem

Dicot stem 2 phloem sclerenchyma Vascular cambium

Woody stem Summerwood Springwood

Woody stem 2 Cork Vascular cambium Phloem Phloem ray Xylem

Woody stem 3 Cork (collenchyma tissue) Vascular cambium

Fruit – ripened ovary that protects the seeds Layers of the ovary Pericarp Mesocarp Endocarp

Fleshy fruits One or more ovarian layer is fleshy Drupe Berry Pepo Endocarp is hardened; pit or stone Peaches, nectarines, apricots, etc Berry All or most pericarp is fleshy Grape, tomato, etc Pepo Berry with hard thick rind Melons, pumpkins, etc Hesperidium Berry with leathery rind Citrus Pome Swollen receptacle around ovary or core Apple, pear

Dry fruits Lacks fleshy tissue Dehiscent fruits Indehiscent Split along a seam to disperse seeds Legumes – two seams Capsules – multiple seams Bean, pea pods, peanuts, etc Indehiscent Do not split on a seam Achenes, grains, nuts Corn, wheat, etc

Simple fruits Aggregate fruits Multiple fruits Accessory fruits Single ovary of one flower Aggregate fruits Many ovaries of one flower Multiple fruits Many ovaries of many clustered flowers (inflorescence) Accessory fruits Tissue other than ovary ripens (swollen)

Bellwork:old…. Fungi that prey on a host, like frogs, are _________________ Amphibians are known as _____________ species Why is it important to be worried about the frogs?___________________________-