European Maritime Exploration

European Expansion, 1400-1550

Motives for Exploration Why did Iberian kingdoms explore? History of war with Muslims Advanced ships and cannons Why did northern Italy choose not to explore? Adventagous personalities, trade, competition with Islam (mediterranean), curiosity, alliances between rulers and merchants; italy did not because they had alliance with muslims and gave them a monopoly on asian goods. Itailian ships were not sutable for rough waters in the atlantic

Portuguese Voyages Prince Henry “The Navigator” Captured North African city of Ceuta Sagres research institution of navigation Improved instruments: Improved vessels: Caravel Sagres- collect info on expeditions and africa; compass, astrolobe; lateen sails, cannon, small and shollow

New techniques Financing Northwest in Atlantic Reached Cape Verde in 1444 Financing Prince Henry’s Order of Christ Profits in the 1440s Slaves and gold Blow back from wind (fast);

Bartolomeu Dias and Vasta da Gama Fernao Gomes Discovered Sao Tome Explored Gold Coast Bartolomeu Dias and Vasta da Gama Rounded tip of Africa Indian contact

Spanish Voyages Christopher Columbus Portugal refused funding. Why? Spain agreed in ____. Believed he was in Asia Already established indian tade. 1492

Treaty of Tordesillas Ferdinand Magellan Voyage across Pacific confirmed Portugal's claim to the Moluccas Islands and established the Spanish claim to the Philippines. Divided north atlantic (spain and port);

Encounters With Europe, 1450-1550

Western Africa 15th century many African traded with the Portuguese. They exchanged ___ for ____. Oba of Benin By 1538 Benin closed its market The Kongo relied more on the slave trade. Why? King Afonso Gold/ firearms, and other european goods. Interaction varied from place to place; established a monopoly on trade with portuguese, including slaves, christianity was accepted mildly; didn’t have much else to trade; pulled out of the slave trade, led to revolt

Eastern Africa Swahili Coast Ethiopia and Portugal Malindi 1505 Muslims Religious loyalty Malindi- Swahili maintained a decent relationship with port and were spared when they looted many other malini city states; they fought against muslims of adal. Relationship ended when ethiopia refused to become loyal to the pope;

Indian Ocean States Vasco da Gama arrives in Calicut 1498 Force Captured Goa in 1510, Hormuz in 1515, Malacca in 1511, and Macao (China) 1557. Ships and firepower overwhealmed Calicut;

Portuguese regulations: Reactions to the Portuguese aggression varied Mughal v. Ottomans The Portuguese never gained complete control of the Indian Ocean trade, but they did dominate it enough to bring considerable profit and break the _____ monopoly on pepper. Portuguese ships only or portuguese passports and pay custom duties; mughal did nothing ottomans resisted and maintained control of the Red sea and persian gulf; italian

The Americas Spanish built territorial empire in the Americas. How? Arawak (Hispanola) Antillies Christian control; like ______ of Spain. Herman Cortes Aztecs Disease Francisco Pizarro disease Disease; arawaks gold was taken, they had no iron; small pox; like muslims

Patterns of Dominance Three factors contributed to Spain’s ability to establish a vast land empire in the Americas: African and Asians were not conquered because: 1. Ameridians lack of resistance to disease 2. military technology 3. pattern of conquest, forced labor, and forced conversion 1. same disease 2. large population 3. more profit by exchanging in trading network rather than conquering