CCGPS SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. We will discuss: Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation

Assessments Quizzes Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Project Fermentation Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Project

We are going to… work in the classroom and the computer lab take notes complete our homework learn!!!!!

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Project Design a project that will show information about photosynthesis and cellular respiration and the connections between the two. Can create one of the following: Children’s Storybook Song Recipe Play Prezi Required to create a handout and present final product

Photosynthesis Sections 4.2-4.3 The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy. This Powerpoint is hosted on www.worldofteaching.com Please visit for 1000+ free powerpoints

Overview All energy on earth comes from the sun. We depend on: Plants Algae (underwater plants) Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria) To provide this energy to us!

Overview

Overview Photosynthetic organisms are producers. Producers make their own source of chemical energy. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

Overview Carbon dioxide and water are taken in by plants Plants absorb light energy and convert it to a usable form. ATP Energy is used to “fix” carbon dioxide into sugar molecules Chemical energy Sugar is converted to starch and stored for use by the plant, and by animals when they eat plants.

Chlorophyll Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. chloroplast Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts. leaf cell leaf

Plants are green because of the pigment chlorophyll Plants are green because of the pigment chlorophyll. (which absorbs light energy) During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments, this is the reason leaves turn brown in the fall. Carotenoids are pigments that are either red or yellow.

Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. stroma grana (thylakoids) Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. grana (thylakoids) stroma

Chloroplasts Have TWO membranes A “bi-bilayer!” The inner membrane is called the thylakoid. The thylakoid is folded and looks like stacks of coins called granum (grana=singular). The stroma is the space surrounding the granum. Image source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chloroplasts.html

Chloroplasts Chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membrane Act like a light “antenna” These molecules can absorb sunlight energy. Image from Biology 11: College Preparation. Pg 73. Nelson, Toronto. 2003.

Light (dependent)Reactions Happen ONLY in sunlight Hence they depend on light! Water is also required Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid The energy generates molecules of ATP (ADP converted to ATP) Convert NADP+ to NADPH (Electron Carriers)-Energy then goes to Light Independent reaction 4. Produce Oxygen (O2) gas

Light (dependent)Reactions Image from: Biology 11: College Preparation. Pg 74. Nelson, Toronto. 2003.

Light (dependent)Reactions

Light Independent Reactions (formerly the “dark reactions”) Happen in sunlight, and in the dark. Hence “independent of light” Makes sugars Takes place in the stroma. CO2 enters from the atmosphere ATP generated by sunlight drives the Calvin Cycle. Monosaccarides (eg. glucose) are manufactured in the cycle. Monosaccarides are used to “build” polysaccharides (eg. Starch).

Light Independent Reactions (formerly the “dark reactions”) Image from: Biology 11: College Preparation. Pg 74. Nelson, Toronto. 2003.

Light Independent Reactions (formerly the “dark reactions”)

Overall Reaction What is the equation for photosynthesis? carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen + energy 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + energy

1 2 4 3 granum (stack of thylakoids) chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 C6H12O6 granum (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 6H2O 6CO2 6O2 chloroplast 1 2 4 3 energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

Light Dependent Reactions H2O CO2 Sun LIGHT Light Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle CHLOROPLAST O2 Sugars

Factors that affect the rate of Photosynthesis are… Availability of Water Temperature Intensity of Light Concentration of CO2